Life requires energy capture, storage, and expenditure.

1. Describe two examples of the expenditure of energy in the form of ATP hydrolysis.

2. For each example, Describe the molecule that hydrolyzes the ATP Describe what the energy from ATP hydrolysis is used for in the animal

3. Predict what would occur if ATP was unavailable to the animal. Be specific.

trace a molecule of urea from the aorta to the kidney through the structures of the urinary system, explaining their roles.

give the digestive structure which emulsify and digest the fat in the chicken sandwich and describe and describe the route through which the digestion products would reach the heart.

Describe the process of the formation and concentration of urine.

describe the role role of the heart sending blood to the brain. Please include the separate chambers, valve and autorhythmic fibers in your description.

Tony had his thyroid gland surgically removed when he was in his late twenties; now he is in his sixties. He takes Synthroid (thyroxine) pills daily and periodically has his blood levels checked for T4 and TSH.

Answer the following questions (1 pt each):

A. What would be some of Tony’s symptoms if he did not take his medication?

B. What would be some of Tony’s symptoms if he took an overdose of these pills over an extended period of time?

C. Define hydrophilic and hydrophobic. What about the chemical structure of a hormone makes it hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

D. How does being hydrophobic or hydrophilic affect the production and release, transport, and action of a hormone?

E. Is thyroxine hydrophilic or hydrophobic? How is that related to whether or not Tony could take it as a pill (orally) instead of having to inject it?

F. What does the abbreviation T4 stand for? What does this hormone do?

G. What does the abbreviation TSH stand for? What does this hormone do?

H. How does the thyroxine in his pills affect his blood levels of TSH?

I. If the dose of his thyroxine pills is too low, what would happen to his blood levels of T4 and TSH?  

J. If the dose of his thyroxine pills is too high, what would happen to his blood levels of T4 and TSH?

J. S. is 23 years old. He was brought to the emergency department after an auto accident. He suffered a concussion and a deep laceration of his right thigh. He lost about 4 units of blood prior to effective control of bleeding and closure of the wound. Fluid resuscitation is initiated, and a urinary catheter is inserted post operation to monitor his urine output. However, he continues to have significant oozing from his sutured wound. His 24-hour urine volume is 350 ml with a high urine osmolality and low urine sodium. A coagulation screen results indicate the following: platelet count 250,000, bleeding time and a PTT time are both extended.

What type of renal failure is J. S. developing? Why is this type of renal failure developing?

If J. S. does not receive adequate treatment, what further condition may he develop?

Why? What is the best treatment option to prevent this from occurring?

What other laboratory data beside urine output should be collected to evaluate J. S.'s renal function?

If J. S.’s renal function continues to be diminished without any improvement, what could be the subsequent stages of his renal disorder?

Cite specific areas from your readings and research to support your ideas.

A 46-XX female fetus has a mutation that causes her to produce excess 5-alpha reductase. What would you expect to be different at birth and why?

b. How will this change at puberty and why?

1. What is the physiological response to a drop of blood pressure? Include an explanation of how the RAA system functions to help regulate blood pressure. You may attach a drawing of a negative feedback loop to your answer.

Does an ECG tracing give us specific information about the change in membrane potential for the cardiomyocytes? Why not? ( Answer yes/no and then provide explanation based on what you know about the different waves/complexes)

provide the Stimulus (how homeostasis is disturbed), 2. Signaling cell, 3. Target cell, 4. Result (how homeostasis is restored) for:

1. ADH
2. Calcitonin
3. T3 & T4
4. Parathyroid Hormone
5. E & NE
6. Insulin
7. Glucagon

1. Mark is a healthy adult male from Miami who has been living at high altitude for five weeks. What physiological changes have likely occurred due to being at high altitude for that amount of time? Select all that apply.

Select one or more:

a. Decreased max heart rate

b. Decreased cardiac output

c. Decreased ability to drink water

d. Increased red blood cell production

e. Increased blood volume

f. Increased cardiac output at rest

g. A reduction in muscle mass

1. Mary is aware of the many ways the body adapts to training at high altitude. She is a competitive runner and wonders if training in high-altitude environments will help her performance at sea level. She wants to implement a "live high, train low" strategy. How could she achieve this?

a. Live and train at high altitude for one month and then compete at sea level.

b. Move to a town with higher elevation and train in her neighborhood.

c. Sleep in a simulated high altitude environment and train at sea level.

d. Sleep in a simulated sea-level environment and train in a high altitude environment.

2. Jim lives at sea level and is planning to hike Pikes Peak at an altitude of 14,000 feet. As you know, there are environmental differences between locations at sea level and locations at higher elevations.

Which of the following statements are true about the environmental differences between sea level and high-altitude environments? Select all of the true statements.

Select one or more:

a. Reduced barometric pressure increases oxygen availability in the blood.

b. Regardless of elevation, the Earth's atmosphere is always comprised of 20.93% oxygen.

c. As altitude increases, air temperature tends to decrease.

d. Cities at sea level tend to have an average barometric pressure of 430 mmHg.

e. As altitude increases, barometric pressure decreases.

3.

f. At higher altitudes, the atmosphere has a reduced ratio of oxygen to carbon dioxide.

g. As partial pressure of oxygen decreases, it becomes more difficult for the body to deliver adequate oxygen throughout the body.

Explain how and why the circulatory and respiratory systems (of a child being born) change at birth.

b. How do the changes (described in the previous question) in the circulatory and respiratory systems affect gas exchange and pH balance?

c. How do these changes in the circulatory and respiratory systems (from the previous questions) affect the renal and lymphatic systems?