Glycogen serves as the primary fuel for ATP production/re-synthesis...

Select one:

a. during short-duration, high-intensity exercise.

b. during severe caloric restriction.

c. after many hours of low-intensity exercise.

d. during periods of starvation.

Addison just went through a hard break up while trying to study for her MCAT exam. The breakup has caused her to suffer from extreme depression while studying has caused her to develop extreme stress. The stress and depression have increased her blood pressure. She not only has an increase in her blood pressure but her heart sounds also swish and whistle.

1. What effect does the extreme stress and depression causing her blood pressure to increase have on her heart?

A. screws up her cordae tendinae causing a prolapse

B. damages her semilunar valves

C. stops the blood flow in her heart

D. increases the SA nodes causing more permeability

E. two of the above are correct

2. What have the heart sounds that swish and whistle done to damage Addison’s heart?

A. created accumulated scare tissue

B. damaged the four valves within the heart

C. harms the blood flow by going in multiple directions through the heart

D. three of the above are correct

E. two of the above are correct

3. Addison’s adrenal glands have not been producing a good amount of cortisol due to her studying for the MCAT exam. Why is that so?

A. the hormones that regulate her body are not active

B. her stress levels are increasing causing her immune system to slow down

C. she is suffering from adrenal insufficiency

D. two of the above are correct

E. none of the above are correct

Explain how the movement of NaCl and water in the ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle work as a countercurrent system. You may use a diagram to help explain this.

List & explain the events that transpire from the time an efferent (motor) neuron is stimulated until a motor unit contracts; indicate where each event occurs; describe how spinal cord damage influences muscle activity or movement: efferent (motor) neuron, stimulus, motor end plate, calcium, ACh, ACh-ase, neuromuscular junction (synapse), synaptic vesicles

1. Which animal has the least extensive uterine horns
   1. Pig
   2. Cat
   3. Dog
   4. Horse
2. Lipase from the pancreas, is necessary for the digestion of lipids
   1. True
   2. False
3. A gallbladder is necessary for lipid digestion
   1. True
   2. False
4. Which is not associated with the monogastric stomach
   1. Microvilli
   2. Three layers of muscularis
   3. Rugae
   4. Crypts
5. The streak canal connects the alveoli to the gland cistern
   1. True
   2. False
6. A disorder affecting the functionality of mucous cells may result in
   1. Increased peristalsis
   2. Ulceration of the gastric mucosa
   3. Decreased peristalsis
   4. Inability to digest lipids
7. After nutrients have been absorbed into villi capillaries, they next go to the
   1. Hepatic artery
   2. Caudal vena cava
   3. Portal vein
   4. Central vein

Metabolic rate: measurements of, importance of mass, relationships with allometry, cost of locomotion

A neuron has three main parts: dendrites, cell body, and axon. A neuron may send signals to other neuron or other tissues (effectors). Describe the physiology of how the signal moves from one point to the other and the other organ or tissue responds.

1. True or False: Areolar connective tissue is an example of a loose connective tissue.

2. True or False: Tendons and ligaments are composed of elastic tissue.                  

3. True or False: Bone and cartilage are examples of dense regular connective tissues.                  

4. True or False: Erythrocytes and leukocytes are cells found in blood.    

5. Name the simple tissues found lining most organs of the digestive tract to include the stomach, small intestine and large intestine as well as the epithelia of the uterus.

6. Name the stratified tissues that line the digestive system, are found in the integumentary system, some reproductive organs and are also present in the respiratory system (especially in the oropharynx).

7. The upper respiratory tract, vas deferens, fallopian tubes and epididymus have which epithelium?

8. Which epithelium will you find lining the urinary bladder, ureters, urethra and the ducts of the prostate gland?

9. Which epithelium is found in the reproductive organs, the central nervous system (the ependyma), the endocrine system (follicular cells of the thyroid) and the excretory system (lining the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of a nephron)?

10. Which muscle tissue is striated, multinucleated and under voluntary control?

11. Which muscle tissue has a centrally located nucleaus (uninucleated), non-striated and is under involuntary control?

12. Which muscle tissue is striated, uninucleated and under involuntary control?

13. True or False: Melanocytes are located in the stratum basale of the epidermis.                  

14. True or False: Sebum, produced by a sebaceous gland, drains into a hair follicle.                  

15. True or False: Merocrine sweat glands do not become functional until puberty.                  

16. Which of the following is not an accessory structure of skin?

1. sweat gland
2. arrector pili
3. muscle
4. hair follicle
5. dermal papilla

17. Lamellated corpuscles are sensory receptors that respond to:

1. light touch.
2. deep pressure.
3. pain.
4. temperature.

18. The epidermis is composed of what type of epithelium?                                                                     

19. Arrector pili muscles are composed of what type of muscle tissue?                  

20. Similar to a hair shaft, a nail consists of dead cells filled with _____________________.

Skeletal muscle: aspects of substrate utilization by activity, muscle type, activation

Skeletal muscle: changes that are possible to skeletal muscle and under what circumstances

Briefly describe the three phases of treatment for individuals who have acquired spinal cord injuries and the major emphasis of each phase.

Which of the following may result in an increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) explain:

W) increased heart rate

X) decreased venous return.

Y) increased peripheral resistance.

Z) increased radius of systemic arterioles.

Select one:

a. if only W, X and Y are correct

b. if only W and Y are correct

c. if only X and Z are correct

d. if only Z is correct

e. if all are correct

COULD YOU EXPLAIN NOT JUST THE CORRECT ANSWER BUT THE REASONS FOR ALL PLS

         The endo-, peri- and epi-myseum all coalesce to form:

           A. Trebecular bone.

           B. Endosteal surfaces.

           C. Tendons.

            D. Epiphyseal plates.

            E. The A-band.

          5. Connective tissue can be an important source of energy as exemplified by:

             A. Adipocytes.

             B. Goblet cells.

             C. Pacinian corpuscles.

             D. Pancreatic Acinar cells.  

              E. Macrophages.

        6. The basic bone subunit, the osteon’s survival depends on a blood supply delivered via:

           A. The osteole.

           B. Mesenteric arterioles.

           C. Radial canaliculi.

           D. Arterioles in the Haversian canals.

           E. Venetian trebecular canals.

         7. The metabolic activity of trebecular bone is much higher than compact bone because:

              A. There are few osteoclasts.

              B. Of abundant osteocytes.

              C. Rapidly dividing erythrocyte progenitors.

               D. Of dense micro-canal networks.

               E. Greater adrenergic innervation.

8. When challenged by allergenic material, nasal mast cause rhinitis and congestion by:

A. Degrading the nasal epithelium.

B. Releasing norepinephrine to constrict nasal capillaries.

C. Releasing epinephrine to dilate nasal arterioles.

D. Releasing histamine which increases both nasal capillary pressure and permeability.

E. Releases serotonin to disable nasal gap-junctions..

9. Ligaments and tendons are composed of similar materials but tendons transmit force better because they:

A. Are less elastic.

B. Have more fibroblasts.

C. Have more elastic fibers.

D. Have fewer macrophages.

E. They have far more blood vessels to supply oxygen and fuel.

10. An increase in the excretion of urinary hydroxyproline is indicative of:

A. Rapid bone growth.

B. An increase in net bone degradation.

C. Hyaluronidase activity.

D. Proteoglycan synthesis.

E. Increased collagen III synthesis.

1 Celiac disease causes inflammation of the small intestine that causes the villi to atrophy, so that the lining becomes flat. How would this affect nutrient absorption? Why? Would feces of celiac patients have more, or less, nutrients in it? Explain.

2 People who have their gall bladder removed often lose weight and are advised to take supplements of the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) to ensure they are getting enough of these vitamins. Explain the weight loss and why these vitamins are specifically targeted.

Donna does not feel the wound of her knee. In a normal situation, describe how this sensory input of a scraped knee wound result in the feeling of pain.