Describe the flow of foodstuff through the digestive tract starting with ingestion at the buccal cavity and end with defecation at anus. For each region state (1) which enzymes are secreted if any, (2) what the substrates of that enzyme would be in that region, and (3) what the products of chemical digestion would be in that region.

how does ADHD affect the prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia? (with detail please)

A 62-year-old woman was in a car accident and suffered severe brain damage. Will the brain be able to repair the damaged tissue to a functional level? Explain your answer.

Select each of the following that would result in elevated cardiac output for a given heart rate. In other words, which of the following would result in increased stroke volume?

elevated end diastolic volume

increased contractility

physiologic cardiac hypertrophy

pathologic cardiac hypertrophy

reduced ejection fraction

reduced preload

increased blood volume

increased hematocrit due to blood doping

increased afterload

increased circulating epinephrine

How do the global and local reflexes address the optimization of the ventilation : perfusion ratio (keeping it close to 1)?

1. Reabsorption occurs when

a. Filtered solute is transported from the lumen of the renal tubule to the blood of the peritubular capillaries

b. Solute is transported from the blood of the peritubular capillaries to the lumen of the distal convoluted tubule

c. A protein is transported across the glomerular filtration membrane

d. Filtered solute is transported from the glomerular capillaries to the capsular space of the renal corpuscle

e. Solute that has not been filtered is excreted

2.Why is urine (filtrate) buffered?

a. To prevent abnormal increases respiratory rate

b. This increases bicarbonate production

c. To maintain a higher pH which is necessary to continue to drive H+ secretion

d. To prevent secretion of too much acid

e. Buffering filtrate is necessary for reabsorption of Na+

3. Water loss from the body will cause

a. Nothing as water loss does not determine solute loss.

b. Further water secretion to the renal tubule

c. Solute loss, like Na+

d. Secretion of solute like K+ to the renal tubule

e. Bicarbonate production by tubular epithelial cells

4. Water that diffuses out of the plasma and into the tissue to become interstitial fluid will re-enter blood circulation by way of

a. The creation of a hydrostatic pressure gradient

b. Active diffusion using transporters back into the capillary blood

c. Co-transport with sodium

d. Lymphatic vessels that transport fluid to veins

e. Osmosis back into large veins

5. The primary function of antidiuretic hormone is to

a. it delay urination.

b. it increase digestive absorption.

c. decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.

d. increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys.

e. decrease blood pressure.

In the organ of corti, what membrane is attached to the hair cells

The sensory and motor tracts in the spinal cord are

During countercurrent multiplication, water is reabsorbed into the blood from the descending limb of the loop of Henle because

a. NaCl is transported out of the ascending limb

b. It is co-transported with Na+

c. Na+ is reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule

d. Glucose is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule

e. Cl- is secreted into the distal convoluted tubule

2. A low salt (NaCl) diet is recommended for individuals with high blood pressure because

a. salt is the main cause of high blood pressure, so it needs to be consumed in low amounts.

b. extra Na+ in the diet causes blood vessels to stiffen which raises blood pressure over time

c. water follows Na+ and excess salt in the body will increase water retention and blood volume and thus, blood pressure

d. excess salt will force water into cells which may interrupt cell function or cause damage

e. excess salt will accumulate in blood vessels and block blood flow to tissues

3. To compensate for a state of acidosis, the kidney will

a. Increase H+ reabsorption to the blood

b. Slow metabolic production of acids like CO2

c. Slow the production of bicarbonate by tubular epithelial cells

d. Inhibit reabsorption of bicarbonate to the blood

e. Secrete H+ to the filtrate to be excreted

4. Chemical buffers

a. Only buffer the intracellular fluid and urine.

b. Eliminate excess acids or bases from the body.

c. Induce hypoventilation in response to abnormal carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

d. Only buffer the extracellular fluid.

e. temporarily tie up carbon dioxide or hydrogen ions until the lungs or kidneys are able to expel them from the body.

Superior rectus muscle elevates the eye

True

False

1. As solute is filtered out of the blood and becomes a part of the filtrate within the renal corpuscle, water will be

a. filtered out of the blood as well

b. Reabsorbed to the blood

c. Excreted in smaller amounts

d, Secreted into the renal tubule

2. Which of the following would increase calcium reabsorption by the proximal convoluted tubule?

a. Consuming a diet high in calcium

b. Break down of bone releasing calcium into the blood

c. A high solute concentration in the blood

d. Calcitonin secretion into the blood

e. Parathyroid hormone secretion into the blood

3. Reabsorption occurs when

a. Filtered solute is transported from the lumen of the renal tubule to the blood of the peritubular capillaries

b. Solute is transported from the blood of the peritubular capillaries to the lumen of the distal convoluted tubule

c. A protein is transported across the glomerular filtration membrane

d. Filtered solute is transported from the glomerular capillaries to the capsular space of the renal corpuscle

e. Solute that has not been filtered is excreted

Amygdala and hippocampus are components of

Which of the following statements describes the Haldane effect?

Select one:

a. Increasing the partial pressure of oxygen decreases the ability of carbon dioxide to bind hemoglobin

b. Decreasing the partial pressure of oxygen increases the ability of carbon dioxide to bind hemoglobin

c. Increasing the partial pressure of oxygen increases the ability of carbon dioxide to bind hemoglobin

d. Both a and b

e. Both b and c

Photoreceptors in the retina secrete a large amount of neurotransmitter in

Carbon dioxide is primarily carried throughout the body...

Select one:

a. By dissolving into plasma

b. By binding to hemoglobin

c. As bicarbonate

d. By binding to myoglobin

e. By dissolving into red blood cells