1. ____________________________ What hormone secreted by the stomach also is a primary stimulant of stomach action, secretion & motility?

2. __________________________ What hormone’s release is primarily stimulated by a drop in pH in the small intestines?

3. What is a proton pump and what does the stomach use it for?

1. (a) Describe the process of DNA replication and draw some pictures. In your answer, include the starting materials, describe the building blocks, their interactions, and the proteins involved. You might use the following terms:

• replication fork and bubble;
• helicase, single strand binding proteins;
• RNA primase;
• DNA polymerase;
• template, nucleotides;
• lagging and leading strands;
• ligase;
• semi-conservative.

1. (b) Describe the process of DNA transcription into RNA. Draw some pictures.

In your answer, include the starting materials, describe the building blocks, their interactions, and the proteins involved. You might use the following terms:

• template;
• promoter;
• RNA polymerase;
• nucleotides;
• initiation, elongation, termination.

68) As you go from the cortex to the outer medulla and to the inner medulla the interstitial solute concentration_______

1. Increases
2. Stays about the same
3. Decreases
4. None of these

69) Osmoregulation involves the Homeostasis of the

1. Blood platelets
2. Brain tissue
3. Water and solutes inside the body of an animal
4. Red blood cell number

Use the next 5 answer choices for the next seven questions (some questions require you to mark two answer choices on your scantron)

A) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

B) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)  

C) Glucagon

D) Insulin

E) Thyroxin

70) Which controls the rate of cellular Metabolism?

71) Which is involved in controlling long term responses to stress?

72) Which causes glucose to be released from tissues into the blood

73) Which causes glucose to be taken from the blood and stored by tissues as glycogen?

74) Which are synthesized by the Pancreas?

75) Which controls water uptake in the luminal epithelium of the nephron’s collecting duct?

76) ADH is water soluble so requires

1. a G-Protein coupled receptor to transduce the signal through the membrane for cAMP signaling
2. a blood transport protein to travel through the circulatory system
3. hormone targets inside the cell’s nucleus

77) Estrogen and testosterone are fat soluble hormones so do NOT need

1. targets in the nucleus of the cell
2. blood transport proteins
3. a G protein coupled receptor for signal transduction

78) ADH causes

1. The nephron to conserve water by reabsorption
2. The nephron to lose water by expelling it in the urine

79) Which releases ADH into the blood?

1. The Hypothalamus
2. The Medulla Oblongata
3. The Pituitary
4. The adrenal glands

1. A genetic inability to produce intrinsic factor affects what cells? And leads to a deficiency of what nutrient? Why?

2. Compare/contrast the roles of HCl and Bile.

Graded potentials may:

W. initiate an action potential.

X. depolarize the membrane to the threshold voltage.

Y. hyperpolarize the membrane.

Z. be called EPSPs or IPSPs.

Select one:

a.
if only W, X and Y are correct

b. if only W and Y are correct

c. if only X and Z are correct

d. if only Z is correct

e. if all are correct

COULD YOU EXPLAIN NOT JUST THE CORRECT ANSWER BUT THE REASONS FOR ALL PLS

Describe the flow of foodstuff through the digestive tract starting with ingestion at the buccal cavity and end with defecation at anus. For each region state (1) which enzymes are secreted if any, (2) what the substrates of that enzyme would be in that region, and (3) what the products of chemical digestion would be in that region.

how does ADHD affect the prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia? (with detail please)

A 62-year-old woman was in a car accident and suffered severe brain damage. Will the brain be able to repair the damaged tissue to a functional level? Explain your answer.

Select each of the following that would result in elevated cardiac output for a given heart rate. In other words, which of the following would result in increased stroke volume?

elevated end diastolic volume

increased contractility

physiologic cardiac hypertrophy

pathologic cardiac hypertrophy

reduced ejection fraction

reduced preload

increased blood volume

increased hematocrit due to blood doping

increased afterload

increased circulating epinephrine

How do the global and local reflexes address the optimization of the ventilation : perfusion ratio (keeping it close to 1)?

1. Reabsorption occurs when

a. Filtered solute is transported from the lumen of the renal tubule to the blood of the peritubular capillaries

b. Solute is transported from the blood of the peritubular capillaries to the lumen of the distal convoluted tubule

c. A protein is transported across the glomerular filtration membrane

d. Filtered solute is transported from the glomerular capillaries to the capsular space of the renal corpuscle

e. Solute that has not been filtered is excreted

2.Why is urine (filtrate) buffered?

a. To prevent abnormal increases respiratory rate

b. This increases bicarbonate production

c. To maintain a higher pH which is necessary to continue to drive H+ secretion

d. To prevent secretion of too much acid

e. Buffering filtrate is necessary for reabsorption of Na+

3. Water loss from the body will cause

a. Nothing as water loss does not determine solute loss.

b. Further water secretion to the renal tubule

c. Solute loss, like Na+

d. Secretion of solute like K+ to the renal tubule

e. Bicarbonate production by tubular epithelial cells

4. Water that diffuses out of the plasma and into the tissue to become interstitial fluid will re-enter blood circulation by way of

a. The creation of a hydrostatic pressure gradient

b. Active diffusion using transporters back into the capillary blood

c. Co-transport with sodium

d. Lymphatic vessels that transport fluid to veins

e. Osmosis back into large veins

5. The primary function of antidiuretic hormone is to

a. it delay urination.

b. it increase digestive absorption.

c. decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.

d. increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys.

e. decrease blood pressure.

In the organ of corti, what membrane is attached to the hair cells

The sensory and motor tracts in the spinal cord are

During countercurrent multiplication, water is reabsorbed into the blood from the descending limb of the loop of Henle because

a. NaCl is transported out of the ascending limb

b. It is co-transported with Na+

c. Na+ is reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule

d. Glucose is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule

e. Cl- is secreted into the distal convoluted tubule

2. A low salt (NaCl) diet is recommended for individuals with high blood pressure because

a. salt is the main cause of high blood pressure, so it needs to be consumed in low amounts.

b. extra Na+ in the diet causes blood vessels to stiffen which raises blood pressure over time

c. water follows Na+ and excess salt in the body will increase water retention and blood volume and thus, blood pressure

d. excess salt will force water into cells which may interrupt cell function or cause damage

e. excess salt will accumulate in blood vessels and block blood flow to tissues

3. To compensate for a state of acidosis, the kidney will

a. Increase H+ reabsorption to the blood

b. Slow metabolic production of acids like CO2

c. Slow the production of bicarbonate by tubular epithelial cells

d. Inhibit reabsorption of bicarbonate to the blood

e. Secrete H+ to the filtrate to be excreted

4. Chemical buffers

a. Only buffer the intracellular fluid and urine.

b. Eliminate excess acids or bases from the body.

c. Induce hypoventilation in response to abnormal carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

d. Only buffer the extracellular fluid.

e. temporarily tie up carbon dioxide or hydrogen ions until the lungs or kidneys are able to expel them from the body.

Superior rectus muscle elevates the eye

True

False