How do decreases in PCO2, pH, temperature and organic phosphate modulators (i.e. 2,3-DPG) shift the oxygen equilibrium curve of animals? If the oxygen equilibrium curve shifts to the right, how does that change an animal’s P50? How does it change its oxygen affinity?

Breathing 100% oxygen will:

A. Increase p02 and the rate of oxygen unloading at the tissues.

B. Cause a right shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.

C. Significantly increase oxyhemoglobin saturation.

2. All of the following play a role in increasing the oxygen unloading at tissue in someone with iron deficiency anemia except?

A. Respiratory acidosis

B. An increase in 2-3 DPG

C. An increase in deoxyhemoglobin

D. The affinity of 2-3 DPG for hemoglobin

Bae just knocked over a jewelry shop, making off with a couple of bars of 24K gold. On the lam from the cops, they run toward a river. Noting a patch with many reeds (hollow-centered plants), they cut a piece of reed approximately 2’ long. With the gold bars in their pockets, they submerge themselves 1&1/2 feet into the river and begin to breathe, confident they will escape the cops. Within seconds, they were captured, and their one phone call is to you for some bail money.

Why were they caught so soon? What changes in arterial blood gases would occur as a result?

Sketch what a davenport curve would look like at the moment of capture, showing what their acid-base status would be? Why?

Your grandmother has had several episodes of acid-reflux recently. In order to enjoy the gastronomical celebrations of your commencement (yay! By the way, she's the one that brought that ginormous boquet of balloons just for you...), they consume a heaping helping of Tums (which contain alkaline ingredients and are often taken as an antacid.)

1. What effect would consuming a heaping helping of Tums have on acid-base balance?

2. What effect would this have on their digestive processes? Please be specific about the processes and the locations affected. What symptom(s) (other than a stomach ache) would they exhibit?

• Distinguish between water-soluble (hydrophilic) and lipid-soluble (hydrophobic) hormones. List examples of each. Describe how each are secreted from cells, travel via the circulatory system, receptor location on target cells, and mechanism(s) for eliciting cellular responses.

• What are endocrine glands? List several examples. (Contrast these with exocrine glands. You learned about several of these when you studied digestion.) Note that many endocrine glands are also organs with other functions.

Life requires energy capture, storage, and expenditure.

1. Describe two examples of the expenditure of energy in the form of ATP hydrolysis.

2. For each example, Describe the molecule that hydrolyzes the ATP Describe what the energy from ATP hydrolysis is used for in the animal

3. Predict what would occur if ATP was unavailable to the animal. Be specific.

trace a molecule of urea from the aorta to the kidney through the structures of the urinary system, explaining their roles.

give the digestive structure which emulsify and digest the fat in the chicken sandwich and describe and describe the route through which the digestion products would reach the heart.

Describe the process of the formation and concentration of urine.

describe the role role of the heart sending blood to the brain. Please include the separate chambers, valve and autorhythmic fibers in your description.

Tony had his thyroid gland surgically removed when he was in his late twenties; now he is in his sixties. He takes Synthroid (thyroxine) pills daily and periodically has his blood levels checked for T4 and TSH.

Answer the following questions (1 pt each):

A. What would be some of Tony’s symptoms if he did not take his medication?

B. What would be some of Tony’s symptoms if he took an overdose of these pills over an extended period of time?

C. Define hydrophilic and hydrophobic. What about the chemical structure of a hormone makes it hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

D. How does being hydrophobic or hydrophilic affect the production and release, transport, and action of a hormone?

E. Is thyroxine hydrophilic or hydrophobic? How is that related to whether or not Tony could take it as a pill (orally) instead of having to inject it?

F. What does the abbreviation T4 stand for? What does this hormone do?

G. What does the abbreviation TSH stand for? What does this hormone do?

H. How does the thyroxine in his pills affect his blood levels of TSH?

I. If the dose of his thyroxine pills is too low, what would happen to his blood levels of T4 and TSH?  

J. If the dose of his thyroxine pills is too high, what would happen to his blood levels of T4 and TSH?

J. S. is 23 years old. He was brought to the emergency department after an auto accident. He suffered a concussion and a deep laceration of his right thigh. He lost about 4 units of blood prior to effective control of bleeding and closure of the wound. Fluid resuscitation is initiated, and a urinary catheter is inserted post operation to monitor his urine output. However, he continues to have significant oozing from his sutured wound. His 24-hour urine volume is 350 ml with a high urine osmolality and low urine sodium. A coagulation screen results indicate the following: platelet count 250,000, bleeding time and a PTT time are both extended.

What type of renal failure is J. S. developing? Why is this type of renal failure developing?

If J. S. does not receive adequate treatment, what further condition may he develop?

Why? What is the best treatment option to prevent this from occurring?

What other laboratory data beside urine output should be collected to evaluate J. S.'s renal function?

If J. S.’s renal function continues to be diminished without any improvement, what could be the subsequent stages of his renal disorder?

Cite specific areas from your readings and research to support your ideas.

A 46-XX female fetus has a mutation that causes her to produce excess 5-alpha reductase. What would you expect to be different at birth and why?

b. How will this change at puberty and why?

1. What is the physiological response to a drop of blood pressure? Include an explanation of how the RAA system functions to help regulate blood pressure. You may attach a drawing of a negative feedback loop to your answer.