1. What is the path that the sperm cells and secondary oocytes travel to get to each other?

2. How the secondary oocyte gets into the oviduct and meets up with the sperm cell?

Under the influence of ____ ,the functional layerof the endometrium proliferates

a.progesterone

b. estrogen

c. FSH

D. LH

Robert was diagnosed with hypertension at the age of 39. In taking better care of himself., Robert a former college athlete found himself eating poorly, consuming too much alcohol, smoking, and spending too much time sitting in front of the TV since graduating. His personal habits have also caused him to gain a significant amount of weight. Robert is now on two high blood pressure medications to try and control his blood pressure. He also modified his lifestyle to include regular exercise, stopping smoking and moderate alcohol consumption and a sodium diet.

Robert’s, father had died earl from renal failure due to hypertension he took his lifestyle changes seriously. Robert now 56, is a triathlon athlete and very competitive and strived to first in his age group. In order to gain the edge, he needs, he hired a certified clinical trainer, Carmen. Robert was experiencing dehydration and fatigue while exercising, so he wanted help to find a way to drink enough fluids while training.

Carmen designed a way for Robert to assess his physiological status (PS)before, during, and after his workouts. A urinalysis was done before, right after, and six hours after a two-hour training run to determine his renal status a measure of his PS.

The table below shows Robert’s urinalysis data.

Questions

1. What does the color of Robert’s urine tell him about how concentrated or dilute it is? How does the urine color/concentration relate to the urine specific gravity at the same time?

2. The urine color and specific gravity can give Carmen information as to the hydration status of Robert’s body at three different times. What can she conclude from the information based on color and specific gravity?

3. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates the formation of concentrated or dilute urine. When is Robert releasing the greatest amount of ADH? Explain your answer.

4 Proteinuria (protein in the urine) after intense exercise is physiological (normal). However, protein is typically not present in urine. Why is that?

5. Trace glucose that was found in Robert’s urine six hours after his exercise, this concerned Carmen, however, Robert had a large meal an hour before the urinalysis. How could this affect the glucose in Robert’s urine?

6. Intense exercise can cause lactic acid to accumulate. How can Carmen tell Robert’s kidneys are trying to prevent acidosis? Describe this mechanism.

7. After reviewing Robert’s urinalysis data, do you think he should drink more water prior to starting his training to make sure he stays adequately hydrated? Explain your answer.

8. One of the medications the Robert takes to control his blood pressure is called an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor), which inhibits the activation of angiotensin II. What are two of the mechanisms by which angiotensin II targets the kidneys to increase extracellular fluid volume, there are several?

1. "compare the fate of the various reproductive tissues under the influence of testosterone or estrogen."

2. "Describe the events of lactation including roles of hormones in milk production and release."

How can the immune system determine if a host cell is “healthy” or “abnormal (infected or cancerous)”?

Which of these would detect viral infection in an individual sooner: a PCR test or an antibody test? Why?

Compare the decrease in muscle contractions with and without blood flow. Why is there a difference?

During the expulsion stage, how is urine retained in the bladder and why is this significant?

Case Study: Children and Youth

Ms. Case Study-Youth is a 14-year-old high school student who weighs 58 kg and is 157.5 cm tall. She is an apparently healthy girl who recently had a significant reduction in her physical activity level and started to gain weight. She was a gymnast through middle school but because of the excessive time commitment to compete at a high level, she decided not to continue gymnastics as she entered high school. Due to her previous experience in sport, she is considered physically literate and has a decent movement vocabulary. She spends most of her time hanging out with friends and using electronic devices. Ms. Case Study-Youth recently started running 15 minutes per day with her father after school and hopes to join the cross country team in the fall. As part of her physical education curriculum, she recently participated in the FITNESSGRAM test battery. Her results are listed below:

She hopes to be classified as in the Healthy Fitness Zone for all components of health-related fitness by the end of the year assessment. Ms. Case Study-Youth plans to improve her aerobic capacity and body composition over the next few months as well as maintain her muscular fitness (strength, endurance, and flexibility). She enjoys being social with her friends, so she is looking to participate in group activities.

Case Study: Children and Youth Questions

1.   What is Ms. Case Study-Youth’s ACSM risk classification?

2.   What type of aerobic exercise test would you have her complete (maximal vs. submaximal)? What mode is ideal? What other assessments would you complete on her and why?

3.   Using the FITT principle, prescribe 4 week a physical activity program that will help Ms. Case Study-Youth improve her aerobic fitness. Please justify all components of the FITT principle.

4.   Suggest bone and muscle strengthening activities for Ms. Case Study-Youth to participate in as part of her exercise prescription. How do you think her gymnastics experience impacted her muscle and bone strength, and why is this experience beneficial in regard to starting a muscle and bone strengthening program?

5.         What strategies could be used to reduce the amount of time that Ms. Case St

What are the 3 accessory reproductive glands that contribute to semen content? Describe the stimulus for the release and function of their secretions.

In what stage does an efferent somatic signal exist and what is the target of this signal and how does that differ from an autonomic signal?

Chief Complaint: 72-year-old woman who fell on her right hip.

History: Margaret Donovan, a 72-year-old white female, was brought to the emergency room by her son-in-law after falling in her bathtub. She was previously in good health, despite leading a relatively sedentary lifestyle and having a 30-pack-year history of cigarette smoking. The only medication she currently takes is Inderal (propranolol) for mild hypertension. She fell upon entering the bathtub when her right leg slipped out from under her; she landed on her right hip. There was no trauma to her head, nor does she complain of right or left wrist pain. However, she reports severe pain in the right hip and upper thigh, and was unable to get up after her fall. An injection of oxymorphone hydrochloride (Numorphan) helped relieve her pain and she was taken to the radiology department for an X-ray of her right leg and hip.

Physical Examination: The patient was alert, oriented to time, place, and date, and was responding appropriately to questions despite being in considerable pain. There were no signs of trauma to the head, neck, torso, arms, or left leg. The right thigh and hip were extremely tender and were immobilized by a leg splint. Heart and lung sounds were normal, and abdominal sounds were reduced.

Radiology Report: The X-ray of the right hip revealed a complete, comminuted, intertrochanteric fracture of the right hip. No other fractures were noted in the right leg. There were also long-term osteoporotic changes in the femur, tibia, and fibula.

Questions:

1. What is meant by a “complete, comminuted, intertrochanteric fracture of the right hip”
2. The radiologist reported signs of osteoporosis. Describe the characteristics of an osteoporotic femur as seen on an X-ray (How does this differ in appearance from a normal fracture)

Treatment: Surgeons performed an open reduction of Margaret’s fracture, immobilizing the bones with internal pins

Questions:

3. Aside from any effect on the healing process, why else might Margaret’s physician want her to avoid a prolonged period of bed-ridden inactivity?
4. What risk factors does Margaret have for osteoporosis?
5. What parts of the skeleton (ie what bones) are most vulnerable to the ravages of osteoporosis?
6. Following her recovery, Margaret was placed on three medications: A) oral calcium supplementation, B) oral estrogen, and C) oral alendronate sodium (Fosamax). Specifically describe how each of these mediations works to treat Margaret’s condition.
7. Other treatments for osteoporosis include A) sodium fluoride and B) calcitonin. Describe how each of these medications works to treat osteoporosis

Provide an example of a brief (20-30 min.) training session to strengthen a healthy (no contraindications) individual's back; include warm-up, training, cool down; training should include 2 resistance training movements specific to the back; include sets/reps, etc.  

Explain IN DETAIL the negative feedback mechanism that was occurring in your body that lead to taking a breath after having held your breath. Include the stimulus, sensor, afferent path, integrating center, efferent path, effector and response, and briefly explain the role of each as well as the overall impact of the response.