How can the immune system determine if a host cell is “healthy” or “abnormal (infected or cancerous)”?

Which of these would detect viral infection in an individual sooner: a PCR test or an antibody test? Why?

Compare the decrease in muscle contractions with and without blood flow. Why is there a difference?

During the expulsion stage, how is urine retained in the bladder and why is this significant?

Case Study: Children and Youth

Ms. Case Study-Youth is a 14-year-old high school student who weighs 58 kg and is 157.5 cm tall. She is an apparently healthy girl who recently had a significant reduction in her physical activity level and started to gain weight. She was a gymnast through middle school but because of the excessive time commitment to compete at a high level, she decided not to continue gymnastics as she entered high school. Due to her previous experience in sport, she is considered physically literate and has a decent movement vocabulary. She spends most of her time hanging out with friends and using electronic devices. Ms. Case Study-Youth recently started running 15 minutes per day with her father after school and hopes to join the cross country team in the fall. As part of her physical education curriculum, she recently participated in the FITNESSGRAM test battery. Her results are listed below:

She hopes to be classified as in the Healthy Fitness Zone for all components of health-related fitness by the end of the year assessment. Ms. Case Study-Youth plans to improve her aerobic capacity and body composition over the next few months as well as maintain her muscular fitness (strength, endurance, and flexibility). She enjoys being social with her friends, so she is looking to participate in group activities.

Case Study: Children and Youth Questions

1.   What is Ms. Case Study-Youth’s ACSM risk classification?

2.   What type of aerobic exercise test would you have her complete (maximal vs. submaximal)? What mode is ideal? What other assessments would you complete on her and why?

3.   Using the FITT principle, prescribe 4 week a physical activity program that will help Ms. Case Study-Youth improve her aerobic fitness. Please justify all components of the FITT principle.

4.   Suggest bone and muscle strengthening activities for Ms. Case Study-Youth to participate in as part of her exercise prescription. How do you think her gymnastics experience impacted her muscle and bone strength, and why is this experience beneficial in regard to starting a muscle and bone strengthening program?

5.         What strategies could be used to reduce the amount of time that Ms. Case St

What are the 3 accessory reproductive glands that contribute to semen content? Describe the stimulus for the release and function of their secretions.

In what stage does an efferent somatic signal exist and what is the target of this signal and how does that differ from an autonomic signal?

Chief Complaint: 72-year-old woman who fell on her right hip.

History: Margaret Donovan, a 72-year-old white female, was brought to the emergency room by her son-in-law after falling in her bathtub. She was previously in good health, despite leading a relatively sedentary lifestyle and having a 30-pack-year history of cigarette smoking. The only medication she currently takes is Inderal (propranolol) for mild hypertension. She fell upon entering the bathtub when her right leg slipped out from under her; she landed on her right hip. There was no trauma to her head, nor does she complain of right or left wrist pain. However, she reports severe pain in the right hip and upper thigh, and was unable to get up after her fall. An injection of oxymorphone hydrochloride (Numorphan) helped relieve her pain and she was taken to the radiology department for an X-ray of her right leg and hip.

Physical Examination: The patient was alert, oriented to time, place, and date, and was responding appropriately to questions despite being in considerable pain. There were no signs of trauma to the head, neck, torso, arms, or left leg. The right thigh and hip were extremely tender and were immobilized by a leg splint. Heart and lung sounds were normal, and abdominal sounds were reduced.

Radiology Report: The X-ray of the right hip revealed a complete, comminuted, intertrochanteric fracture of the right hip. No other fractures were noted in the right leg. There were also long-term osteoporotic changes in the femur, tibia, and fibula.

Questions:

1. What is meant by a “complete, comminuted, intertrochanteric fracture of the right hip”
2. The radiologist reported signs of osteoporosis. Describe the characteristics of an osteoporotic femur as seen on an X-ray (How does this differ in appearance from a normal fracture)

Treatment: Surgeons performed an open reduction of Margaret’s fracture, immobilizing the bones with internal pins

Questions:

3. Aside from any effect on the healing process, why else might Margaret’s physician want her to avoid a prolonged period of bed-ridden inactivity?
4. What risk factors does Margaret have for osteoporosis?
5. What parts of the skeleton (ie what bones) are most vulnerable to the ravages of osteoporosis?
6. Following her recovery, Margaret was placed on three medications: A) oral calcium supplementation, B) oral estrogen, and C) oral alendronate sodium (Fosamax). Specifically describe how each of these mediations works to treat Margaret’s condition.
7. Other treatments for osteoporosis include A) sodium fluoride and B) calcitonin. Describe how each of these medications works to treat osteoporosis

Provide an example of a brief (20-30 min.) training session to strengthen a healthy (no contraindications) individual's back; include warm-up, training, cool down; training should include 2 resistance training movements specific to the back; include sets/reps, etc.  

Explain IN DETAIL the negative feedback mechanism that was occurring in your body that lead to taking a breath after having held your breath. Include the stimulus, sensor, afferent path, integrating center, efferent path, effector and response, and briefly explain the role of each as well as the overall impact of the response.

Why would diffusion of O₂ into the blood stop if you stopped breathing or your blood stopped circulating?

Identify the organ systems that utilize the various forms of energy (chemical, electrical, mechanical, and radiant / electromagnetic)

Please read carefully the following case study and provide a suitable answer to its questions.

A male baby born after a normal pregnancy appeared to be healthy until after the third day after his birth. He became lethargic, hypnotic (low muscle tone), his breathing was shallow and lead to apnea. First, he was hooked up to a mechanical respirator. A blood sample was taken to the lab and found that his plasma ammonia level was 474 µmol/L.

As a healthcare provider, you have put the baby under peritoneal dialysis until results of plasma amino acid levels and urine organic acid tests are ordered. The baby went into a deep coma.

The lab tests revealed the following;

Based on the above lab result;

1. What is your diagnosis of this case? Provide a suitable reason to your answer along with the specific reaction (equation) of urea cycle on which you are referring to on your answer.

2. Why the patient has high blood level of glutamine?

3. Why the patient has high plasma level of NAG?

4. How can you treat this condition and save the baby from a life-threatening coma?

5. What type of condition is this? (Congenital or Acquired)

1. What is the pathophysiology of cyanotic Vs non-cyanotic congenital heart defects?

2. Explain what is Fallot tetralogy (ToF) and how it compares to any other cyanotic congenital heart disease (any other you want)

3. Explain what is a Blalock-Taussig shunt, how it relates to fetal circulation and how/why it’s done in certain cyanotic heart diseases. Briefly explain other surgical procedure(s) that fixes a cyanotic heart defect.

How do you feel about the issues affecting our eating habits, our issues with body fat, our health, and the underlying causes?

Thoughtfully offer solutions you think would be realistic and practical... and what you can do to make positive changes for yourself and your family.