Although innate immune cells are unable to detect specific antigens, the adaptive immune system is able of collaborating with innate immune cells to direct their attacks against pathogens. Describe three ways in which innate immune cells can be specifically directed against pathogens by the adaptive immune system.

while adaptive immune cells can detect antigens, innate immune cells have to rely upon detecting microbe-associated molecular patterns. Compare and contrast MAMPs and antigens. Describe the types of molecules each can be, how they differ, and a brief description of receptors for each.

1. How does non shivering thermogenesis contribute to thermoregulation?

Select one:

a. It increases heat production by increasing metabolic activity.

b. It increases heat production by speeding up the rate of blood flow throughout the body.

c. It vasoconstricts peripheral blood vessels and directs blood flow to the core of the body.

d. It increases sweat production in hot environments.

2. Depending on the environment, heat can be lost or gained through various channels. Which of the following statements are true about heat transfer during exercise? Select all that apply.

Select one or more:

a. Wind increases heat loss via convection

b. Heat produced by active muscles is picked up by circulating blood and transported to other parts of the body.

c. On hot days, heat can be radiated from the ground to the body.

d. Convection occurs when sun rays heat the body on hot days.

e. The potential risk for heat stress can be measured by air temperature alone

3. Mary is exercising outside on a hot humid day and is sweating a lot. What statement is likely true about Mary's condition?

Select one:

a. Mary's risk for heat stress is reduced due to the humid air and a high sweat rate.

b. Mary's ability to thermoregulate is limited because sweat is less able to evaporate in humid environments.

c. Mary is likely experiencing non-shivering thermogenesis due to the temperature.

d. Mary is likely experiencing an increased blood plasma volume due to dehydration.

Name the three main components of a typical synapse. Which direction is communication/information flowing? How are neurotransmitters involved at a typical synapse? You may include a drawing here if you wish.

Select 1 disease directly related to the respiratory and integumentary systems. Research and select a peer reviewed article written within the past 5 years discussing treatment options for the selected disease and write a 1-page (minimum) Annotated Bibliography. For annotated bibliographies, use standard APA format for the citations, then add a brief entry, including:

• 2 to 4 sentences to summarize the main idea(s) of the source including a brief summary of the disease and treatment option(s).
• 1 or 2 sentences to assess and evaluate the source including if this information is reliable and discuss if the source is objective or biased.
• 1 or 2 sentences to reflect on the source including how this information can benefit a patient and your understanding of the selected disease.

Name the six types of neuroglial cells, indicate if they are part of CNS or PNS, and list their primary functions.

Explain how ingested carbohydrates and proteins are digested throughout the length of the digestive tract and how food quality affects the rate of gastric emptying.

Which protein is a contraction protein with site regulated by regulatory proteins

A sarcomere

B I band

C overlap zone

D H zone

E A band

For each motion, identify the upper body muscles involved. Also, indicate which muscles are the agonists and which are the antogonists. Indicate nerves for each as well.

1. Throwing a dart

2. Setting a volleyball

Which contractile result of rate-coding (i.e., frequency of activation) will produce the most force?

Select one:

a. twitch

b. summation

c. tetanus

d. all of the above produce the same amount of force

Glycogen serves as the primary fuel for ATP production/re-synthesis...

Select one:

a. during short-duration, high-intensity exercise.

b. during severe caloric restriction.

c. after many hours of low-intensity exercise.

d. during periods of starvation.

Addison just went through a hard break up while trying to study for her MCAT exam. The breakup has caused her to suffer from extreme depression while studying has caused her to develop extreme stress. The stress and depression have increased her blood pressure. She not only has an increase in her blood pressure but her heart sounds also swish and whistle.

1. What effect does the extreme stress and depression causing her blood pressure to increase have on her heart?

A. screws up her cordae tendinae causing a prolapse

B. damages her semilunar valves

C. stops the blood flow in her heart

D. increases the SA nodes causing more permeability

E. two of the above are correct

2. What have the heart sounds that swish and whistle done to damage Addison’s heart?

A. created accumulated scare tissue

B. damaged the four valves within the heart

C. harms the blood flow by going in multiple directions through the heart

D. three of the above are correct

E. two of the above are correct

3. Addison’s adrenal glands have not been producing a good amount of cortisol due to her studying for the MCAT exam. Why is that so?

A. the hormones that regulate her body are not active

B. her stress levels are increasing causing her immune system to slow down

C. she is suffering from adrenal insufficiency

D. two of the above are correct

E. none of the above are correct

Explain how the movement of NaCl and water in the ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle work as a countercurrent system. You may use a diagram to help explain this.

List & explain the events that transpire from the time an efferent (motor) neuron is stimulated until a motor unit contracts; indicate where each event occurs; describe how spinal cord damage influences muscle activity or movement: efferent (motor) neuron, stimulus, motor end plate, calcium, ACh, ACh-ase, neuromuscular junction (synapse), synaptic vesicles

1. Which animal has the least extensive uterine horns
   1. Pig
   2. Cat
   3. Dog
   4. Horse
2. Lipase from the pancreas, is necessary for the digestion of lipids
   1. True
   2. False
3. A gallbladder is necessary for lipid digestion
   1. True
   2. False
4. Which is not associated with the monogastric stomach
   1. Microvilli
   2. Three layers of muscularis
   3. Rugae
   4. Crypts
5. The streak canal connects the alveoli to the gland cistern
   1. True
   2. False
6. A disorder affecting the functionality of mucous cells may result in
   1. Increased peristalsis
   2. Ulceration of the gastric mucosa
   3. Decreased peristalsis
   4. Inability to digest lipids
7. After nutrients have been absorbed into villi capillaries, they next go to the
   1. Hepatic artery
   2. Caudal vena cava
   3. Portal vein
   4. Central vein