Metabolic rate: measurements of, importance of mass, relationships with allometry, cost of locomotion

A neuron has three main parts: dendrites, cell body, and axon. A neuron may send signals to other neuron or other tissues (effectors). Describe the physiology of how the signal moves from one point to the other and the other organ or tissue responds.

1. True or False: Areolar connective tissue is an example of a loose connective tissue.

2. True or False: Tendons and ligaments are composed of elastic tissue.                  

3. True or False: Bone and cartilage are examples of dense regular connective tissues.                  

4. True or False: Erythrocytes and leukocytes are cells found in blood.    

5. Name the simple tissues found lining most organs of the digestive tract to include the stomach, small intestine and large intestine as well as the epithelia of the uterus.

6. Name the stratified tissues that line the digestive system, are found in the integumentary system, some reproductive organs and are also present in the respiratory system (especially in the oropharynx).

7. The upper respiratory tract, vas deferens, fallopian tubes and epididymus have which epithelium?

8. Which epithelium will you find lining the urinary bladder, ureters, urethra and the ducts of the prostate gland?

9. Which epithelium is found in the reproductive organs, the central nervous system (the ependyma), the endocrine system (follicular cells of the thyroid) and the excretory system (lining the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of a nephron)?

10. Which muscle tissue is striated, multinucleated and under voluntary control?

11. Which muscle tissue has a centrally located nucleaus (uninucleated), non-striated and is under involuntary control?

12. Which muscle tissue is striated, uninucleated and under involuntary control?

13. True or False: Melanocytes are located in the stratum basale of the epidermis.                  

14. True or False: Sebum, produced by a sebaceous gland, drains into a hair follicle.                  

15. True or False: Merocrine sweat glands do not become functional until puberty.                  

16. Which of the following is not an accessory structure of skin?

1. sweat gland
2. arrector pili
3. muscle
4. hair follicle
5. dermal papilla

17. Lamellated corpuscles are sensory receptors that respond to:

1. light touch.
2. deep pressure.
3. pain.
4. temperature.

18. The epidermis is composed of what type of epithelium?                                                                     

19. Arrector pili muscles are composed of what type of muscle tissue?                  

20. Similar to a hair shaft, a nail consists of dead cells filled with _____________________.

Skeletal muscle: aspects of substrate utilization by activity, muscle type, activation

Skeletal muscle: changes that are possible to skeletal muscle and under what circumstances

Briefly describe the three phases of treatment for individuals who have acquired spinal cord injuries and the major emphasis of each phase.

Which of the following may result in an increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) explain:

W) increased heart rate

X) decreased venous return.

Y) increased peripheral resistance.

Z) increased radius of systemic arterioles.

Select one:

a. if only W, X and Y are correct

b. if only W and Y are correct

c. if only X and Z are correct

d. if only Z is correct

e. if all are correct

COULD YOU EXPLAIN NOT JUST THE CORRECT ANSWER BUT THE REASONS FOR ALL PLS

         The endo-, peri- and epi-myseum all coalesce to form:

           A. Trebecular bone.

           B. Endosteal surfaces.

           C. Tendons.

            D. Epiphyseal plates.

            E. The A-band.

          5. Connective tissue can be an important source of energy as exemplified by:

             A. Adipocytes.

             B. Goblet cells.

             C. Pacinian corpuscles.

             D. Pancreatic Acinar cells.  

              E. Macrophages.

        6. The basic bone subunit, the osteon’s survival depends on a blood supply delivered via:

           A. The osteole.

           B. Mesenteric arterioles.

           C. Radial canaliculi.

           D. Arterioles in the Haversian canals.

           E. Venetian trebecular canals.

         7. The metabolic activity of trebecular bone is much higher than compact bone because:

              A. There are few osteoclasts.

              B. Of abundant osteocytes.

              C. Rapidly dividing erythrocyte progenitors.

               D. Of dense micro-canal networks.

               E. Greater adrenergic innervation.

8. When challenged by allergenic material, nasal mast cause rhinitis and congestion by:

A. Degrading the nasal epithelium.

B. Releasing norepinephrine to constrict nasal capillaries.

C. Releasing epinephrine to dilate nasal arterioles.

D. Releasing histamine which increases both nasal capillary pressure and permeability.

E. Releases serotonin to disable nasal gap-junctions..

9. Ligaments and tendons are composed of similar materials but tendons transmit force better because they:

A. Are less elastic.

B. Have more fibroblasts.

C. Have more elastic fibers.

D. Have fewer macrophages.

E. They have far more blood vessels to supply oxygen and fuel.

10. An increase in the excretion of urinary hydroxyproline is indicative of:

A. Rapid bone growth.

B. An increase in net bone degradation.

C. Hyaluronidase activity.

D. Proteoglycan synthesis.

E. Increased collagen III synthesis.

1 Celiac disease causes inflammation of the small intestine that causes the villi to atrophy, so that the lining becomes flat. How would this affect nutrient absorption? Why? Would feces of celiac patients have more, or less, nutrients in it? Explain.

2 People who have their gall bladder removed often lose weight and are advised to take supplements of the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) to ensure they are getting enough of these vitamins. Explain the weight loss and why these vitamins are specifically targeted.

Donna does not feel the wound of her knee. In a normal situation, describe how this sensory input of a scraped knee wound result in the feeling of pain.

1. ____________________________ What hormone secreted by the stomach also is a primary stimulant of stomach action, secretion & motility?

2. __________________________ What hormone’s release is primarily stimulated by a drop in pH in the small intestines?

3. What is a proton pump and what does the stomach use it for?

1. (a) Describe the process of DNA replication and draw some pictures. In your answer, include the starting materials, describe the building blocks, their interactions, and the proteins involved. You might use the following terms:

• replication fork and bubble;
• helicase, single strand binding proteins;
• RNA primase;
• DNA polymerase;
• template, nucleotides;
• lagging and leading strands;
• ligase;
• semi-conservative.

1. (b) Describe the process of DNA transcription into RNA. Draw some pictures.

In your answer, include the starting materials, describe the building blocks, their interactions, and the proteins involved. You might use the following terms:

• template;
• promoter;
• RNA polymerase;
• nucleotides;
• initiation, elongation, termination.

68) As you go from the cortex to the outer medulla and to the inner medulla the interstitial solute concentration_______

1. Increases
2. Stays about the same
3. Decreases
4. None of these

69) Osmoregulation involves the Homeostasis of the

1. Blood platelets
2. Brain tissue
3. Water and solutes inside the body of an animal
4. Red blood cell number

Use the next 5 answer choices for the next seven questions (some questions require you to mark two answer choices on your scantron)

A) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

B) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)  

C) Glucagon

D) Insulin

E) Thyroxin

70) Which controls the rate of cellular Metabolism?

71) Which is involved in controlling long term responses to stress?

72) Which causes glucose to be released from tissues into the blood

73) Which causes glucose to be taken from the blood and stored by tissues as glycogen?

74) Which are synthesized by the Pancreas?

75) Which controls water uptake in the luminal epithelium of the nephron’s collecting duct?

76) ADH is water soluble so requires

1. a G-Protein coupled receptor to transduce the signal through the membrane for cAMP signaling
2. a blood transport protein to travel through the circulatory system
3. hormone targets inside the cell’s nucleus

77) Estrogen and testosterone are fat soluble hormones so do NOT need

1. targets in the nucleus of the cell
2. blood transport proteins
3. a G protein coupled receptor for signal transduction

78) ADH causes

1. The nephron to conserve water by reabsorption
2. The nephron to lose water by expelling it in the urine

79) Which releases ADH into the blood?

1. The Hypothalamus
2. The Medulla Oblongata
3. The Pituitary
4. The adrenal glands

1. A genetic inability to produce intrinsic factor affects what cells? And leads to a deficiency of what nutrient? Why?

2. Compare/contrast the roles of HCl and Bile.

Graded potentials may:

W. initiate an action potential.

X. depolarize the membrane to the threshold voltage.

Y. hyperpolarize the membrane.

Z. be called EPSPs or IPSPs.

Select one:

a.
if only W, X and Y are correct

b. if only W and Y are correct

c. if only X and Z are correct

d. if only Z is correct

e. if all are correct

COULD YOU EXPLAIN NOT JUST THE CORRECT ANSWER BUT THE REASONS FOR ALL PLS