Under what nutritional conditions is fatty acid synthesis likely to occur? Discuss the roles of acetyl CoA and malonyl CoA in the synthesis of fatty acids

Like all viral pathogens, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or SARS-CoV 2, requires a cell surface receptor in order to invade a given host cell. For SARS-CoV 2, this receptor is actually the enzyme Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2, or ACE2. ACE2 is responsible for downregulation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System by deactivation of Angiotensin II. Explain the RAAS in detail, including the roles played by kidneys and the lungs, and then explain what effects using recombinant human ACE2, or rhACE2, to treat acute respiratory distress syndrome could have on blood pressure.

In the event of a lacerated femoral artery, the rapid loss in blood volume causes a precipitous decline in blood pressure. Describe in detail—from the local/cellular level all the way up to the systemic level—each of the steps both the heart and the kidneys will take to counter this loss in pressure and the downstream effects of each of these steps. Furthermore, many smaller local blood vessels will also be ruptured by the laceration. Describe in detail how these vessels, and the blood flowing into them, will act to limit blood loss.

regulatory t cells (Treg) play important roles in autoimmunity and regulation of the mucosal immune response. Describe how Treg are generated within the immune system and their role in both autoimmunity and regulation of the mucosal immune reaponse.

Allergies are an overreaction of the immune system towards non-pathogen allergens. Describe the antibodies, cell types, and other proteins involved in both the early and late allergic response. Then describe how this response would typically be used in a typical immune reaponse.

Although innate immune cells are unable to detect specific antigens, the adaptive immune system is able of collaborating with innate immune cells to direct their attacks against pathogens. Describe three ways in which innate immune cells can be specifically directed against pathogens by the adaptive immune system.

while adaptive immune cells can detect antigens, innate immune cells have to rely upon detecting microbe-associated molecular patterns. Compare and contrast MAMPs and antigens. Describe the types of molecules each can be, how they differ, and a brief description of receptors for each.

1. How does non shivering thermogenesis contribute to thermoregulation?

Select one:

a. It increases heat production by increasing metabolic activity.

b. It increases heat production by speeding up the rate of blood flow throughout the body.

c. It vasoconstricts peripheral blood vessels and directs blood flow to the core of the body.

d. It increases sweat production in hot environments.

2. Depending on the environment, heat can be lost or gained through various channels. Which of the following statements are true about heat transfer during exercise? Select all that apply.

Select one or more:

a. Wind increases heat loss via convection

b. Heat produced by active muscles is picked up by circulating blood and transported to other parts of the body.

c. On hot days, heat can be radiated from the ground to the body.

d. Convection occurs when sun rays heat the body on hot days.

e. The potential risk for heat stress can be measured by air temperature alone

3. Mary is exercising outside on a hot humid day and is sweating a lot. What statement is likely true about Mary's condition?

Select one:

a. Mary's risk for heat stress is reduced due to the humid air and a high sweat rate.

b. Mary's ability to thermoregulate is limited because sweat is less able to evaporate in humid environments.

c. Mary is likely experiencing non-shivering thermogenesis due to the temperature.

d. Mary is likely experiencing an increased blood plasma volume due to dehydration.

Name the three main components of a typical synapse. Which direction is communication/information flowing? How are neurotransmitters involved at a typical synapse? You may include a drawing here if you wish.

Select 1 disease directly related to the respiratory and integumentary systems. Research and select a peer reviewed article written within the past 5 years discussing treatment options for the selected disease and write a 1-page (minimum) Annotated Bibliography. For annotated bibliographies, use standard APA format for the citations, then add a brief entry, including:

• 2 to 4 sentences to summarize the main idea(s) of the source including a brief summary of the disease and treatment option(s).
• 1 or 2 sentences to assess and evaluate the source including if this information is reliable and discuss if the source is objective or biased.
• 1 or 2 sentences to reflect on the source including how this information can benefit a patient and your understanding of the selected disease.

Name the six types of neuroglial cells, indicate if they are part of CNS or PNS, and list their primary functions.

Explain how ingested carbohydrates and proteins are digested throughout the length of the digestive tract and how food quality affects the rate of gastric emptying.

Which protein is a contraction protein with site regulated by regulatory proteins

A sarcomere

B I band

C overlap zone

D H zone

E A band

For each motion, identify the upper body muscles involved. Also, indicate which muscles are the agonists and which are the antogonists. Indicate nerves for each as well.

1. Throwing a dart

2. Setting a volleyball

Which contractile result of rate-coding (i.e., frequency of activation) will produce the most force?

Select one:

a. twitch

b. summation

c. tetanus

d. all of the above produce the same amount of force