Describe the mechanisms, anatomy, and physiology of INHALATION in the bird lung and in the human lung.

How does the intensity and duration of exercise affect fat metabolism? What effect would an improved aerobic fitness have on fat metabolism during exercise (be specific to how these factors influence how much fat is used)?

Situation #1

A neurosurgeon is about to perform brain surgery. The surgeon touches (stimulates with an electrode) a tiny portion of the patient’s brain, and the patient’s right finger moves. After noting the reaction, the surgeon stimulates a portion of the brain a short distance away and the patient’s right thumb moves.

Questions to Answer

1. What section of the brain has been stimulated? ____________ What lobe is this in? ______________
2. What hemisphere of the brain is being stimulated? ________________
3. During this stimulation, would the patient experience feelings of pain? Why or why not?

Situation #2

A woman has suffered some type of damage to the brain. She is being tested to see where the damage might be. She is first shown a picture of herself and she is unable to recognize this picture. When she is shown a picture of her family, she is unable to recognize family members. What part of the brain might be involved?

Situation #3

In the case of “The Lost Mariner”, Oliver Sacks writes about a 49 year-old man who suffered an accident at the age of 19. His scores on intelligence tests are unchanged over time, however, he has trouble learning new information. What would your diagnosis be? What part of the brain do you think is affected?

Situation #4

Jim falls frequently and shows poor balance and an unusual gait. He shows jerky and uncoordinated movement. These difficulties may be related to what part of the brain?

Situation #5

A 55 year old woman has suffered a minor stroke. Her major difficulty is that she has no interest in eating or drinking. What area of the brain may have been affected?

Situation #6

After a car accident, a young woman reports that she seems to have a hole in her field of vision. She can’t see objects in a particular location. Her eyes seem to be fine. What might be the problem?

Situation #7

You are watching a suspenseful video late at night and you hear a sudden crash in another room. You leap out of your chair in fear, then realize that your dog kicked over his water bowl. Your fear/stress reaction involved activation of the ______________nervous system. Calming down involved activation of the ______________nervous system.

Situation #8

After an accident, patient T. has trouble planning and making decisions about how to go about performing his job. He also has trouble paying attention in meetings. Before the accident he was a highly reliable employee. After the accident, he adopted an attitude that it did not matter whether he completed assignments or was courteous to clients. What area of the brain may have been affected?

Situation #9

The setting: You are a famous neurosurgeon who specializes in brain damage involving the language system. In each of the following cases, make a diagnosis concerning where you believe brain damage has occurred.

Case 1: A 56-year-old female has suffered a recent stroke. She speaks in a curious manner resembling fluent English but the phrases make no sense. You also find that she comprehends your verbal or written instructions and can even write them down, but has difficulty repeating them.

Case2:  An intelligent businessman comes to you and explains rather agitatedly that he awakened yesterday morning to find, much to his dismay, that he could no longer read. Your tests determine the following: a) He is totally blind in the right visual field. b) He speaks fluently and comprehends speech. c) He can write with his right hand but cannot read what he has written. d) He can copy written words but only with his left hand. You turn to your puzzled assistant and remark that this is indeed a tough one, but you are willing to bet that you will find brain damage in at least two areas, which are ________________ and _______________.

Mathias is a 21-year-old collegiate baseball player. He has been consuming approximately 2,600 calories per day, feels energetic, recovers well, and has maintained his weight at 176 pounds for the last 2 years. After a recent blood test, he discovered that his total cholesterol is high. He is concerned about this result and asks for your assistance in making the necessary dietary changes to lower his cholesterol.

1. What is the maximum number of grams of total fat, as well as saturated fat, that you would recommend Mathias consume daily?
2. What other dietary advice would you give Mathias to help lower is blood cholesterol?

SCENARIO: Rachel and her family are enjoying a great home-cooked dinner. At one point Rachel's brother (who they weren't expecting) sneaks in and comes into the room tapping Rachel on the shoulder from behind and surprises everyone. Unfortunately for Rachel, she inhales a small piece of food (wrong tube situation). She struggles to breathe, gags, and coughs a few times, and eventually (nearly a minute has passed) dislodges the food and begins breathing normally again. Think about this scenario, there may even be a few different phases in this scenario, focus on the physiology of Rachel, and tell me what is happening in her body. Name structures/systems,  talk about what is and isn't in homeostasis, describe how one failure leads to another. Be sure to provide details and use the correct terminology.

85) A Homo erectus-type left Africa at least by:

1. 50,000 years ago
2. 2 million years ago
3. 200,000 years ago
4. 125,000 years ago
5. none of the above

86) Alleles are:

1. basophiles
2. a type of stone tool
3. telomeres
4. all of the above
5. none of the above

87) Homologies are

1. similarities based on a common function.
2. similar evolutionary developments in unrelated species.
3. similarities between organisms based on descent from a common ancestor.
4. all of the above
5. none of the above

88) Adaptive radiation

1. occurs when one species dies out and its niche is rapidly occupied by other organisms.
2. occurred after the demise of the dinosaurs.
3. results in the diversification of species.
4. all of the above

       e) none of the above

89) The Regional Continuity Model

1. is only part of a more complex picture of the peopling of the world.
2. has been abandoned in favor of the displacement theory

c)    must have happened alongside the displacement model.

d)   a and c

e)   a and b.

90) That populations increase geometrically and that resources needed to support them increase mathematically was first suggested by

1. Thomas Malthus
2. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
3. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
4. Francis Galton
5. Sir Arthur Keith

91) Injuries associated with Neanderthals have been attributed to

1. intra-group violence.
2. an inefficient small game hunting patterns.
3. a stocky build that made them clumsy.
4. all of the above
5. a and b

92) Which of the following is true:

1. Humans are the only primate that sheds copious tears.
2. Neanderthals had curved phalanges
3. Flint is associated with coal deposits.
4. Scientists have conclusively proved that human activity is responsible for global warming.
5. Humans are biologically adapted to a savannah habitat.

93) The humeral-femoral index when applied to Lucy indicates

1. her arms were long compared to a Chimps
2. her pelvis was like that of Chimp.
3. she was adapted to both arboreal and terrestrial environments.
4. sexual dimorphism
5. all of the above

94) A major difference between the Plesiadapiforms and the Prosimians is

1. the prehensile tail
2. sexual dimorphism
3. the post orbital bar
4. estrus
5. sent markings

95) Many of the bog bodies found in England and Scandinavia

a) appear to have been killed ritually.

b) appear to be low class, working people.

c) are preserved by tannic acid.

d) a and c

e) b and c

96) Base pairs are

        a) Adenine/Thymine and Guanine/ Cytosine.

        b) monogamous couples inhabiting a home base.

        c) A key to the understanding of DNA replication

        d) a and c       

        e) none of the above

97) Prosimians

       a) have claws on all digits.

       b) do not have a post orbital bar.

       c) have a mandibular symphysis and paired frontal bones.

       d) do not have an opposable bit toe.

       e) all the above

98) Which of the following is not true:

      a) Trephination is the ancient human practice of cutting holes in a person’s head.

      b) The images on the Nazca Plains have been carbon-14 dated to 190BCE to CE 660, a time

            frame that corresponds to the Nazca culture.

      c) Mummies are found all over the world.

      d) Altruistic midwifery probably emerged with Homo erectus and changes in the pelvic           girdle.

      e) The Acheulean hand axe tradition did not appreciably change for over 1 million years        because H. erectus’ cervical vertebras were too small to handle nerves for more         complex hand-eye coordination.

99) Modern human’s oldest example of jewelry

     a) was found in Brazil and dates to 40,00 years ago.

     b) was found in Australia and date to 50,000 years ago.

     c) was found in South Africa and dates to 75,000 years ago.

     d) was found in the Levant and dates to 90,000 years ago.

     e) was found in Turkey and date to 200,000 years ago.

100) Fear of rejection

     a) is a basic organizing principle.

     b) is an innate biological mechanism.

     c) equals death.

     d) all the above

     e) none of the above

Describe the path a molecule of threonine would take in the formation of glucose. Include every step (metabolic intermediates) and pertinent enzymes. Note: threonine is converted to succinyl CoA upon its catabolism

Identify the origin of the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve in the brain, the foramen through which it exits the skull, and the functions of each of its branches.

what do you know about briefly the three steps of formation of urine (filtration, reabsorption and secretion)? Please explain to me every single step in detail because I don't understand. Thank you!

Briefly describe how innate and adaptive immunity differ. Be specific with regards to the types cells involved in each, time of activation, duration of cellular response how it is similar or different between individuals.

Under what nutritional conditions is fatty acid synthesis likely to occur? Discuss the roles of acetyl CoA and malonyl CoA in the synthesis of fatty acids

Like all viral pathogens, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or SARS-CoV 2, requires a cell surface receptor in order to invade a given host cell. For SARS-CoV 2, this receptor is actually the enzyme Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2, or ACE2. ACE2 is responsible for downregulation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System by deactivation of Angiotensin II. Explain the RAAS in detail, including the roles played by kidneys and the lungs, and then explain what effects using recombinant human ACE2, or rhACE2, to treat acute respiratory distress syndrome could have on blood pressure.

In the event of a lacerated femoral artery, the rapid loss in blood volume causes a precipitous decline in blood pressure. Describe in detail—from the local/cellular level all the way up to the systemic level—each of the steps both the heart and the kidneys will take to counter this loss in pressure and the downstream effects of each of these steps. Furthermore, many smaller local blood vessels will also be ruptured by the laceration. Describe in detail how these vessels, and the blood flowing into them, will act to limit blood loss.

regulatory t cells (Treg) play important roles in autoimmunity and regulation of the mucosal immune response. Describe how Treg are generated within the immune system and their role in both autoimmunity and regulation of the mucosal immune reaponse.

Allergies are an overreaction of the immune system towards non-pathogen allergens. Describe the antibodies, cell types, and other proteins involved in both the early and late allergic response. Then describe how this response would typically be used in a typical immune reaponse.