Question

         The endo-, peri- and epi-myseum all coalesce to form:

           A. Trebecular bone.

           B. Endosteal surfaces.

           C. Tendons.

            D. Epiphyseal plates.

            E. The A-band.

  

          5. Connective tissue can be an important source of energy as exemplified by:

             A. Adipocytes.

             B. Goblet cells.

             C. Pacinian corpuscles.

             D. Pancreatic Acinar cells.  

              E. Macrophages.

        6. The basic bone subunit, the osteon’s survival depends on a blood supply delivered via:

           A. The osteole.

           B. Mesenteric arterioles.

           C. Radial canaliculi.

           D. Arterioles in the Haversian canals.

           E. Venetian trebecular canals.

         7. The metabolic activity of trebecular bone is much higher than compact bone because:

              A. There are few osteoclasts.

              B. Of abundant osteocytes.

              C. Rapidly dividing erythrocyte progenitors.

               D. Of dense micro-canal networks.

               E. Greater adrenergic innervation.

8. When challenged by allergenic material, nasal mast cause rhinitis and congestion by:

A. Degrading the nasal epithelium.

B. Releasing norepinephrine to constrict nasal capillaries.

C. Releasing epinephrine to dilate nasal arterioles.

D. Releasing histamine which increases both nasal capillary pressure and permeability.

E. Releases serotonin to disable nasal gap-junctions..

9. Ligaments and tendons are composed of similar materials but tendons transmit force better because they:

A. Are less elastic.

B. Have more fibroblasts.

C. Have more elastic fibers.

D. Have fewer macrophages.

E. They have far more blood vessels to supply oxygen and fuel.

10. An increase in the excretion of urinary hydroxyproline is indicative of:

A. Rapid bone growth.

B. An increase in net bone degradation.

C. Hyaluronidase activity.

D. Proteoglycan synthesis.

E. Increased collagen III synthesis.

Answer 1

4. The endo-, peri- and epi-myseum all coalesce to form:

A. Trebecular bone - also called cancellous bone.

B. Endosteal surfaces.- part of periosteum of bone

C. Tendons. - correct answer. The endo, peri and epi myseum fuse together to form tendons. Tendons are extensions of the muscle.

D. Epiphyseal plates.- made of cartilag

E. The A-band. - found in the ultrastructure of contractile proteins in striated muscle

5. Connective tissue can be an important source of energy as exemplified by:

A. Adipocytes. - Contain fat. Hence they are a source of energy.

B. Goblet cells - produce mucus.

D. Pacinian corpuscles.- sensory nerve receptor

D. Pancreatic Acinar cells.- produce digestive enzymes

E. Macrophages.- engulf foreign antigens and cellular debris

6. The basic bone subunit, the osteon’s survival depends on a blood supply delivered via:

A. The osteole.

B. Mesenteric arterioles.

C. Radial canaliculi.

D. Arterioles in the Haversian canals. - present within the haversian canal.

E. Venetian trebecular canals.

Other sources do no provide blood supply to the osteon. Hence they can be excluded.

7. The metabolic activity of trebecular bone is much higher than compact bone because:

A. There are few osteoclasts.

B. Of abundant osteocytes.

C. Rapidly dividing erythrocyte progenitors. - Trabecular bone contains bone marrow. The cells of the bone marrow are constantly dividing. Hence trabecular bone has higher metabolic activity.

D. Of dense micro-canal networks.

E. Greater adrenergic innervation. - bone tissue does not have adrenergic innervation

8. When challenged by allergenic material, nasal mast cause rhinitis and congestion by:

A. Degrading the nasal epithelium. - Mast cell cells don't degrade nasal epithelium

B. Releasing norepinephrine to constrict nasal capillaries.

C. Releasing epinephrine to dilate nasal arterioles.

D. Releasing histamine which increases both nasal capillary pressure and permeability. - Mast cells release histamine and in response to allergens. It is responsible for the symptoms of allergic rhinitis.

E. Releases serotonin to disable nasal gap-junctions..

The release of histamine is the primary cause of allergic rhinitis. Other mediators like serotonin, etc do not play a major role.

9. Ligaments and tendons are composed of similar materials but tendons transmit force better because they:

A. Are less elastic. - Composed of tough collagen fibres which gives them greater tensile strength

B. Have more fibroblasts. - Fibrolblasts

C. Have more elastic fibers. - This is applicable for ligaments

D. Have fewer macrophages. - Macrophages have no role to play in tensile strength

E. They have far more blood vessels to supply oxygen and fuel. - Strength is decided by number of collagen fibres.

10. An increase in the excretion of urinary hydroxyproline is indicative of:

A. Rapid bone growth. - osteocalcin and procollagen increase in rapid bone growth. not hydroxyproline

B. An increase in net bone degradation. - Hydroxylysine is a product of bone resorption by osteoclasts. Hence it is the correct answer.

C. Hyaluronidase activity. - not concerned with bone resorption or formation.

D. Proteoglycan synthesis. - proteoglycan synthesis does not produce hydroxyproline

E. Increased collagen III synthesis. - associated with higher levels of the enzyme lsyl oxidase and vitamin c. hydroxyproline is related to collagen III synthesis.