1. Fill in the blank:

The ________ of a lymphocyte results in immune cells that have gained the ability to attack specific antigens.

2. How does a virus, such as HIV, typically enter a cell? What structure does the virus use to enter the cell?

3. Explain why we need the mechanisms of the adaptive immune system even though nonspecific or innate resistance mechanisms attack all foreign antigen (in other words, what purpose does the acquired immune system serve?)

List five regions of the brain. For each region describe the anatomy and function of the white and gray matter composing that region.

1. Given these test results

   Weber - louder in right ear

   Rinne - Negative for right ear, and positive for left ear

   Which ear if either, has hearing loss and what kind of hearing loss is it?

   		Left ear has sensorineural hearing loss.
   		Left ear has conductive hearing loss.
   		Right ear has sensorineural hearing loss.
   		Right ear has conductive hearing loss.
   		Neither ear has hearing loss.

1. Color blindness is due to what?

   	A.	a lack of all three types of pigments in the cones of the eye
   	B.	sex-linked genetic condition which means the gene for color blindness is on an X chromosome
   	C.	watching too many videos as a child
   	D.	Both A and B

1. If the vision in your left eye is 20/250, this means you can see clearly at ____________ feet what a person with normal vision could see at ___________________.

   	A.	20, 250
   	B.	250, 20
   	C.	None of these

What kind of lens corrects nearsightedness, also called myopia?

1. 	A.	convex
   	B.	concave
   	C.	Both of these
   	D.	None of these

“Like a polio ward from the 1950s” is how Guy McKhann, M.D., a neurology specialist at John Hopkins School of Medicine, describes a ward of Beijing Hospital that he visited on a trip to China in 1986. Dozens of paralyzed children---some attached to respirators to assist their breathing--filled the ward to overflowing. The chinese doctors thought the children had Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), a rare paralytic condition, but Dr. McKhann wasn’t convinced. There were simply too many stricken children for the illness to be the rate Guillain-Barre syndrome. Was it polio--as some of the Beijing staff feared? Or was it another illness, perhaps one that had not yet been discovered?

Guillain-Barre syndrome is a relatively rare paralytic condition that strikes after a viral infection or an immunization. There is no cure, but usually the paralysis slowly disappears, and lost sensation slowly returns as the body repairs itself. In classic Guillain-Barre, patients can neither feel sensations nor move their muscles.

Which division(s) of the nervous system may be involved in Guillain-Barre Syndrome?

Do you think the paralysis found in the chinese children affected both sensory (afferent) and somatic motor neurons? Why or why not?

In classic GBS, what would you expect the results of a nerve conduction test to be?

Dr. McKhann decided to perform nerve conduction tests on some of the paralyzed children in Beijing Hospital. He found that although the rate of conduction along the children’s nerves was normal, the strength of the summed action potentials traveling down the nerve was greatly diminished.

Is the paralytic illness that affected the chinese children a demyelinating condition? Why or why not?

Dr. McKhann then asked to see autopsy reports on some of the children who had died of their paralysis at Beijing Hospital. In the reports, pathologists noted that the patients had normal myelin but damaged axons. In some cases, the axon had been completely destroyed, leaving only a hollow shell of myelin.

Do the results of Dr. McKhann’s investigation suggests that the Chinese children had classic GBS? Why or why not?

Dr. McKhann suspected that the disease afflicting the chinese children-- which he named acute motor axonal polyneuropathy (AMAN)--might be triggered by a bacterial infection. He also thought that the disease initiated its damage of axons at neuromuscular junctions, the synapses between somatic motor neurons and skeletal muscles.  

Based on information provided in this chapter, name other diseases involving altered synaptic transmission.

A 45-year-old woman presents with a history of progressive weakness, fatigue, weight loss, nausea and increased skin pigmentation (especially of creases, pressure areas and nipples). Her blood pressure is 120/78 mmHg when supine and 105/52 mmHg when standing. LAboratory findings reveal serum sodium of 120 mEq/L (normal is 135 - 145 mEq/L); potassium level of 5.9 mEq/L (normal is 3.5 to 5 mEq/L); and low plasma cortisol and high ACTH levels.

A. What diagnosis would this woman's clinical features and laboratory findings suggest?

B. Would her diagnosis be classified as a primary or secondary endocrine disorder?

C. What is the significance of her darkened skin?

D. What type of treatment is indicated?

Explain the mechanism of neural control of respiration.

The idea is to find a new or novel advancement in medicine to do with Physiology only. That is I don't want advancements in other fields e.g. immunology, genetics, cancer, microbiology and so on.

So you discuss the problem or disease including initially normal physiology followed by a description of the disease. Then discuss the novel advancement and how it is helping patients to improve their lifestyles.  

The presentation should be between 5 - 6 minutes but not exceeding 6 minutes and 30 seconds.

QUESTION 59

1. Which, if any, of these is an example of an IPSP in a typical neuron?

   		a. a voltage change from 0 mV to +0.35 mV
   		b. a voltage change from -70 mV to -68 V
   		c. a voltage change from +35 mV to 0 mV
   		d. a voltage change from -70 mV to -72 mV
   		e. None of the above.

Anish was looking for a way to spend his summer break, so he decided to volunteer with a medical mission team going to staff a clinic in an impoverished rural region of India. At the briefing meeting, Anish and the other volunteers were warned that with the onset of the rainy season in August, they would be seeing patients with cholera, an acute diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholera. Toxins from the cholera bacterium cause vomiting and massive volumes of watery diarrhea in people who consume contaminated food or water. Unless treated promptly, cholera can be fatal.

Cholera is endemic in parts of India, meaning that it occurs on a regular basis. A volunteer trained by the U.S. Centers for Disease control and prevention (CDC) spoke to the medical mission team about what to expect when treating patients and also about proper precautions for themselves. He explained that the oral cholera vaccine they had taken would protect against the O1 strains but the area they would be visiting also had the newer O139 strain not covered by the vaccine. Once in India, everything went well at the clinic initially. Then about five days into his trip, Anish has several bouts of copious and watery diarrhea. When he developed dizziness and a rapid heartbeat, he visited the medical officer for the team. There, he was diagnosed with dehydration from cholera-induced diarrhea.

Given Anish’s watery diarrhea, what would you expect his ECF volume to be?

Why was Anish experiencing a rapid heartbeat?

Esomeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor. For what symptom or condition might Anish have been taking this drug?

Why might taking a protein pump inhibitor like esomeprazole have increased Anish’s chances of contracting cholera?

Why would continuously open enterocyte CFTR channels cause secretory diarrhea and dehydration in humans?

Which type of IV solution would you select for Anish, and why? Your choices are normal (isotonic) saline, half-normal saline, and 5% dextrose in water (D-5-W).

Which of the following is composed of myosin protein?

Select one:

a. thick filaments

b. thin filaments

c. Z discs

d. all myofilaments

Question 2

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

This inherited degenerative disease of the muscular system is where the muscles weaken and atrophy and become replaced with fatty tissue.

Select one:

a. a strain

b. muscular dystrophy

c. tendenosis

d. fibromyalgia

Question 3

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

This chronic, non-progressive condition of pain in the muscles, tendons, and ligaments is called _______________.

Select one:

a. a strain

b. epicondylitis

c. fibromyalgia

d. repetitive motion disorder

Question 4

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Blood is pumped through the heart by which type of muscle?

Select one:

a. skeletal

b. smooth

c. cardiac

d. visceral

Question 5

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

What is an example of a repetitive motion disorder?

Select one:

a. fibromyalgia

b. muscular dystrophy

c. multiple sclerosis

d. carpal tunnel syndrome

Question 6

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Which of the following statements is not true?

Select one:

a. When infants are born, their muscular tissue is almost completely formed.

b. As the size of the fibers increase throughout growth, strength improves.

c. Growth of muscles in preschool years is relatively fast compared to the growth of infants and teens.

d. During adolescence, large muscles develop faster than small muscles, often resulting in decreased coordination.

Question 7

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

An important contribution to the homeostasis of the body by the muscular system is _______________.

Select one:

a. the ability of muscle to produce calcium for use by the bones

b. the ability of muscle tissue to insulate the body

c. the function of smooth muscle in moving the limbs and maintaining posture

d. the function of cardiac muscle to maintain a consistent heart beat

Question 8

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

While doing jumping jacks during an exercise class, your arms and legs move laterally away from the midline of your body. This motion is called _______________.

Select one:

a. extension

b. flexion

c. abduction

d. adduction

Question 9

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Skeletal muscle produces body movement as well as maintains our _____as we sit.

Select one:

a. strength

b. vasodilation

c. vasoconstriction

d. posture

Question 10

Not yet answered

Marked out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Which of the following is not a function of the muscular system that helps the body maintain homeostasis?

Select one:

a. homatopoiesis

b. production of movement

c. stabilization of joints

d. generation of heat

The patient’s lung volumes/capacities: Expiratory Reserve Volume: 1100 ml Inspiratory Reserve Volume: 1000 ml Inspiratory Capacity: 1400 ml Total Lung Capacity: 4.2 L Solve for: Tidal Volume, Expiratory Capacity, Vital Capacity, Functional Residual Capacity, and Residual Volume.

Lung functions: volumes, and capacity measures TV = 300ml IRV = 1900ml IC = 2200ml FRC = 2300ml TLC = 5325ml The total lung capacity is normal Questions: Does the inspiratory capacity fall within normal values? What is the expiratory reserve volume of the patient? What is the vital capacity of the patient? Does the vital capacity fall within normal range? What condition does the patient suffer from?

Tight junctions:

a. allow communication between cells and an exchange of ions

b. cause cell membranes to tightly fuse together

c. extend around the cell like a belt

d. connect adjacent cells and their cytoskeleton

e. all of the above

When we study the effects of chronic stress on human health, most of our chronic stress is imaginary, meaning, it's made up by our imagination and conscious thought, created by the Frontal lobe. Discuss, why frogs and lizards cannot experience chronic stress like that? In 100 words or more.

Kim needs to learn about absorption of food in her digestive system, what do you tell her?