What is wrong?

1. PTH is made by the thyroid gland.

2. There is an increased excretion of zinc during stress and high carbohydrate intake.

3. Heme iron can be found in mushrooms.

4. Hemochromatosis causes an iron deficiency.

5. Metallothionein regulates the absorption of iron.

1. Calcitonin is synthesized by the ___

   1. Parathyroid gland

   2. Thyroid gland

   3. Adrenal gland

   4. Pituitary gland

   5. Pineal gland

2. Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are synthesized by the ____

   1. Anterior pituitary gland

   2. Posterior pituitary gland

   3. Pineal gland

   4. Thalamus

   5. hypothalamus

3. The main target for ADH is the ___

   1. Kidney

   2. Hypothalamus

   3. Liver

   4. Pituitary gland

   5. Adrenal gland

4. Increased heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure are effects of ___.

   1. Mineralocorticoids

   2. Glucocorticoids

   3. Epinephrine

   4. Androgens

   5. Parathyroid hormone

Sperm rely on both microtubules and microfilaments for key biological processes. Explain the role of microtubules and dynein in movement of sperm. Explain the role of actin in the process of fertilization.

QUESTION 2 Chickens occasionally use their breasts for flying extremely short distances, usually to escape perceived danger. Chickens generally use their legs for support while standing, and for walking. Chicken breasts are composed of “white meat” while chicken legs are composed of “dark meat”. Which of the following is true?

Group of answer choices

A) Chicken breasts are composed mostly of slow oxidative fibers; chicken legs are composed mostly of fast anaerobic fibers

B) Chicken breasts are composed mostly of slow oxidative fibers and fast aerobic fibers; chicken legs are composed mostly of fast anaerobic fibers.

C) Both chicken breasts and legs are composed of slow oxidative fibers; and the color is determined by the total myoglobin content in each muscle

D) Both chicken breast and legs are composed primarily of fast aerobic fibers and the color is determined by how many blood vessels there are in the particular muscle

E) Chicken breast are composed mostly of fast anaerobic fibers; chicken legs are composed mostly of slow oxidative and fast aerobic fibers.

QUESTION 3) While the semilunar valves are open during a normal cardiac cycle, the pressure in the left ventricle is ___ Group of answer choices

A) None of the choices are correct

B) greater than the pressure in the aorta

C) less than the pressure in the aorta

D) less than the pressure in the left atrium

E) the same as the pressure in the left atrium

Smooth muscle, like striated muscle, utilizes Ca2+ as a signal molecule that can allow contraction to occur. However, smooth muscle does not have troponin or tropomyosin. Therefore, Ca2+ must interact with other proteins. Describe these relationships.

Q1) which hormone is Not synthesized in the hypothalamus?

1. Oxytocin (OT)
2. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (THR)
3. Somatostatin
4. Prolactin (PRL)
5. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Q2) Which of the following statement is false.

1. Taste signals travel from the tongue through the facial and hypoglossal nerve.
2. The middle ear consists of an air-filled chamber.
3. Rods secrete glutamate from the base of the cell when not exposed to light.
4. Peptide hormones are synthesized by the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
5. None of these.

Q3) Epidural anesthesia is introduce in the epidural space between _______to block pain signals during pregnancy

1. Dural sheath and vertebral bones
2. Dura mater and pia mater
3. Dural sheath ad dura mater
4. Arachnoid mater and pia mater
5. Dura mater and arachnoid mater

Q4) Which of the following causes the plasma membrane to depolarize from its resting membrane potential (RMP)?

1. Outflow of sodium ions
2. Inflow of chloride ions
3. Outflow of glucose
4. Inflow of potassium ions
5. None of these

Q5) Which statement is false?
  a. Axons arising in the cerebellum cannot excite skeletal muscle contraction.
b. If a muscle is repeatedly stimulated and allowed to relax between stimuli, the successive contractions will be stronger. This phenomenon, known as treppe, or staircase effect, is thought to be due to the accumulation of calcium ions in the sarcoplasm.
c. Large motor units having a large innervation ratio allow for less control than small motor units.
d. A muscle contract more strongly when lifting a 20-pound weight than when lifting a 5-pound weight. This is because individual fibers contract harder.
e. None of these.

Describe the process of skeletal muscle contraction starting from an action potential being sent down a motor neuron to the contraction of the sarcomere.

There is a disease that in the nervous system, it shows up as a reduced firing rate in the neurons. What ion or channels could cause this and how?
In the skeletal muscle, the strength of contraction is drastically reduced What ion or protein might be responsible?
In the cardiac muscle, we witness a tendency toward tetanus. The muscle isn’t relaxing sufficiently between contractions. What ion or protein might be responsible?

You accidentally remove the adrenal glands. The patient now doesn’t produce aldosterone. What affect will this have on the kidneys? What effect on hydration? What effect on blood pressure? Tell me one other system that will be drastically altered by a lack of adrenal glands.

Does the patient then begin to hyperventilate What will happen to plasma pH? How might a paper bag help correct this? What will the kidneys do to compensate?
You hand them a pill of unknown origin. After they’ve taken it, you discover that it’s a poison, which is filtered and secreted in the nephron, but not reabsorbed. Is this better or worse than something that is reabsorbed? Explain.

How does contaminated water affect the kidney?  discuss the following, if applicable:

• how structures may change (think organ layers, protein shape, fluid losses, etc)
• how the altered structures affect the physiology
• how cells and tissues may be affected
• new exposure to toxins or carcinogens
• what else you find that doesn't fall into the four previous bullet points

How do releasing or inhibiting hormones secreted by the hypothalamus reach the adenohypophysis?

A. They travel along axons

B. They travel along dendrites

C. They diffuse through the interstitial fluid between the hypothalamus and adenohypophysis

D. They are delivered by a portal system

E. They are delivered through active transport mechanisms

Describe the order of blood flow through the nephron in order and explain each step of the pathway-

afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, vasa recta

Explain the effect of anatomical dead space on alveolar ventilation and on the composition of alveolar and expired air.

QUESTION:" Using clear anatomical and physiological references,please explain how the Endocrine System supports the development, birth and nursing of the Reproduction of a human being. Start with the gametes and end with birth and mom nursing her new born and fill in the rest."

Define the terms

47.   The United Nations
48.   The European Union
49.   Cosmopolitanism
50.   Schengen area
51.   Eurozone
52.   International treaty
53.   Immanuel Kant
54.   US Carrier Group
55.   State of Nature (Hobbesian)