Harry was sitting in class and asked the teacher if he could sit closer up because he couldn’t see anything from the back of the class. The teacher said he should go to the eye doctor during spring break. Harry decided to go the next day and the doctor told him he needed glasses to fix his problem of being unable to see from a distance.

1. What is the issue?

A) He is far sighted (hyperopia)

B) He is nearsighted (myopia)

C) His lenses are really weak and is not refracting fast enough

D) He would need a convex lens to fix the issue

E) Two of the above

F) Three of the above

2. After getting his glasses, Harry decided to get a 40$ plane ticket to Miami during COVID-19 with his friends because it was still spring break! Really smart guy! In the airplane, he started having pain in his ear and could barely hear anything. Which of the following is true in what he was experiencing in the plane?

A) The pressure in the external ear wasn’t equal to the pressure in the inner ear

B) The auditory ossicles cannot take the vibration from the tympanic membrane, amplify it and transfer it to the oval window.

C) He could pinch his nose so he can force air to the eustachian tubes

D) The tympanic membrane was still freely vibrating.

E) Two of the above

F) Three of the above

3. Two hours later, Harry needed to go to the bathroom. Unfortunately, he couldn’t leave because the person next to him was sleeping almost the whole flight! He was coming from Greece so it was a really long flight. The man next to him finally got up so he could leave, however, Harry passed out within seconds. What might have caused this?

A) He was experiencing a form of hypotension and needed to get his arterioles to vasodilate to decrease resistance.

B) His body was really used to the high BP setting of sitting down and having to work very hard to get blood to the brain.

C) His heart couldn’t adjust quickly enough and he couldn’t get enough blood to the brain.

D) Two of the above

E) None of the above

22) Select all of the correct statements below

A) Resolution occurs after orgasm or ejaculation in the male

B) Nitric oxide is an important component of the erection process in the male

C) Infertility is defined as the inability to maintain an erection long enough for sexual activity

D) Testosterone levels remain steady until around 80 years of age in the male

E) Emission is moving of seminal fluids out of the body

23) The effects of estrogen are (select all that apply)

A) Positive feedback on LH and FSH secretion

B) Sloughing of the endometrium

C) Inhibition of GnRH release

D) Stimulation of progesterone release

E) Upregulation of LH receptors in developing follicle

25) The secretion of LH causes ________. Select all that apply

A) Corpus luteum formation

B) Ovulation

C) Inhibition of testosterone

D) FSH secretion

E) Menopause

26) During the proliferative phase, the secretion of what hormones are increased? Select all that apply

A) FSH

B) LH >

C) Estrogen >

D) Progesterone

E) Testosterone

27) Identify the phases of the menstrual cycle. Select all that apply

A) Secretory phase

B) Proliferative phase

C) Menopausal phase- only me

D) Menses >

E) Fertile Phase

29) What occurs during menses? Select all that apply

A) Secretion of glycogen by endometrial cells

B) Necrosis of the functional layer

C) Constriction of spiral arteries

D) Contraction of uterine smooth muscle

E) Increased secretion of progesterone

Describe Myasthenia gravis in terms of the adaptive immune response that mediates it and what effect the autoimmune disease can have on the host.

How many umbilical veins are there? Arteries? Describe the blood in each of these

How are neurotransmitters and hormones involved in triggering or medicating emotions

1. Which of the following represents the CORRECT order of events in a motor neuron when I decide that I want to wiggle my finger?

A. An action potential reaches the end of the motor neuron causing the influx of calcium through ligand-gated calcium channels and the fusion of vesicles containing acetylcholine with the presynaptic membrane

B. An action potential reaches the end of the motor neuron causing the influx of calcium through voltage-gated calcium channels and the fusion of vesicles containing acetylcholine with the presynaptic membrane

C. An action potential reaches the end of the motor neuron causing the influx of sodium through ligand-gated sodium channels and the fusion of vesicles containing acetylcholine with the presynaptic membrane

D. An action potential reaches the end of the motor neuron causing the influx of sodium through voltage-gated sodium channels and the fusion of vesicles containing acetylcholine with the presynaptic membrane

2. During endochondral ossification, osteoblast is derived from which cell type?

A. Articular cartilage

B. Fibroblast

C. Chondrocytes

D. Mesenchymal stem cells

3. Which of the following is TRUE about muscle contraction?

A.Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi “cocks” the myosin head to a high energy state

B.Rigor mortis (continued contraction) occurs when there is an excess of ATP binding to the myosin head.

C.The binding of ATP to the myosin head causes myosin heads to bind to actin.

D.Each cycle of the sliding filament model (Cross-bridge cycle) leads to lengthening of the sarcomere

Describe Crohns disease in the terms of the adaptive immune response that mediates it and what effect the autoimmune disease can have on the host.

Your patient is a 39-year old high school guidance counselor who was diagnosed with Chrone’s disease (an inflammatory bowel disease) when he was a teenager. Last year, he had a small bowel obstruction that could not be relieved with nonsurgical procedures, and he underwent emergency surgery that removed 80% of his ileum. Since the surgery, his stool has been oily. Why? (Hint: consider the consequence of reduced enterohepatic circulation).

This patient also suffers from “bile acid diarrhea”. Why would this surgery result in diarrhea? Why doesn’t this occur in a healthy person?