21. Bicarbonate is reabsorbed into the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule as ________________.

1. HCO3-
2. CO2
3. H2CO3
4. Carbonic anhydrase

22. Loop diuretics block the Na+/ 2Cl-/K+ cotransporter on the ascending loop of henle. How does this reduce water reabsorption?

1. By preventing the reabsorption of sodium ions, water is not reabsorbed from the ascending loop of henle
2. It causes hyperkalcemia which stimulates Aldosterone secretion, thereby, indirectly causing the excretion of sodium, potassium and water.
3. It abolishes and/or reduces the osmotic gradient between the descending loop of henle and the ascending vasa recta
4. It increases the sodium ion concentration in the loop of Henle which stimulates the release of ADH causing an increase in water excretion.

23.During World War II when there was a shortage of penicillin, an anti-gout medication, Probenecid was administered with penicillin. Why?

1. Probenecin blocks the filtration and secretion of Penicillin
2. Probenecid blocks the filtration of Penicillin
3. Although penecillin is filtered, Probenecid blocks the organic anion transporter on the basoalateral membrane of the proximal tubule preventing secretion and urine loss of penecillin
4. Probenecin blocks organic cation transporters on the apical membrane of the proximal tubule, preventing the secretion of penicillin

24.What type of compensation would you expect in a patient with metabolic alkalosis?

A. A compensatory respiratory acidosis caused by a decrease in respiratory rate

B. A compensatory metabolic acidosis caused by an increase loss of bicarbonate in the urine

C. A compensatory respiratory alkalosis caused by an increased in respiratory rate

D. A compensatory alkalosis caused by an increased loss of H+ in the urine

Please answer in short and quick
a) Dug ABC is an orally administered anti-asthmatic drug, which is a substrate of CYP1A2. It is given to a patient who is on Drug XYZ, which is known to be a CYP1A2 inducer. Will it be appropriate for the patient to take Drugs ABC and XYZ together? Explain your answer

b) Drug ABC undergoes glomerular filtration and proximal tubule secretion. Explain what will happen if a patient has reduced blood flow to the kidneys.

Match the stage in the action potential with its voltage

Na+ influx

K+ outflux

Na+ channels close

Na+/K+ ATPase pump

Rest Potential

A.-85 mV

B.-90 mv to -85 mV

C.-55 mv to +30 mV

D.+30 mV to -90 mV

E.+30 mV

Describe the relationship between the two motor neurons in the ANS pathways. How do they differ for sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways? Which neurotransmitter (ACh or NE) is being released by the pre- and postganglionic neurons for the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways?

What is a Disease outbreak?

2. What is the most recent disease outbreak?

(Clue: Pandenia)

Hans Dietz is a 25 year old male patient with a family history of Marfan Syndrome (MFS). He is generally well and enjoys attending regular fitness sessions in his local gymnasium. During a recent gym session, he experienced dizziness followed by a fainting episode. He presented at the emergency department and a new systolic murmur was heard. Mr Dietz subsequently underwent screening for cardiovascular abnormalities associated with his family history of Marfan Syndrome.

Question 1

The fibrous structure of the heart is comprised predominantly of connective tissue proteins.

Describe the microscopic composition of the layers of the mitral valve. Your answer must include a description of the connective tissue element, the cell types found in each layer and how the layers are arranged (i.e. their structure or architecture).

Question 2

Upon further evaluation with an echocardiogram (cardiac ultrasound), Mr Dietz was found to have an enlarged (dilated) proximal ascending aorta, mitral valve prolapse with myxomatous changes and elongated chordae.

The patient was noted as having myxomatous changes in the mitral valve leaflets and associated elongation of the chordae tendineae. Explain what is meant by the term myxomatous changes. Your answer must include a description of the cellular and structural changes that occur within the valve.

Question 3

Where on the body would be the ideal position for the clinician to auscultate for a systolic murmur associated with the mitral valve?

Question 4

Describe the secondary complications (or consequences) that will occur as a result of the changes in the structure of the mitral valve in a patient with Marfan syndrome. Your answer should link to the clinical sign of the new systolic murmur noted in this patient.

Name the ventricles and describe the relationship between the choroid plexuses, ventricles, and CSF

1)

Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts?

2)

Regarding the stomach, which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

3)

All but one of the following statements is true with regard to the blood testis barrier. Select the one statement that is FALSE.

1)

If you are searching for the muscles of the perineum, which statement about these muscles will help you CORRECTLY identify them?

2)

When the blood becomes acidic (acidosis) and bicarbonate ions have been depleted, new bicarbonate ions must be generated in the plasma. Which of the following is NOT a means for replenishing bicarbonate ions?

3)

QUESTION 28

1. Pepsinogen is inactive until it comes into contact with secretions from which cell type?

   	A.	None of the answers listed are correct
   	B.	Mucous cells
   	C.	Enteroendocrine cells
   	D.	Chief cells
   	E.	Surface epithelial cells

1)

Respiratory acidosis can occur when _______________.

2)

Which product(s) do the major duodenal ampulla AND papilla deliver?

I. Pancreatic juice

II. Bile

III. Insulin

IV. Chyme

3)

Given the following values taken from arterial blood:

pH = 7.51

pCO2 = 36

HCO3- = 27

(Normal values: pH = 7.35-7.45 pCO2 = 35-45 mm Hg HCO3- = 22-26 mEq/L)

Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

True/False  

47. Fiber type is primarily determined by the alpha motor neuron

48. Endurance exercise promotes the conversion of Type IIa to Type I

49. ATP is required to “break” the attachment of the myosin head from actin (to relax).

50. An increase in the number of androgen receptors would increase after chronic (several months) of exposure to supra physiological (abnormally high) levels of testosterone.

51. A male and female with the same muscle mass will be similar in strength

52 . During a concentric contraction the size of the H zone will decrease

1. The kidneys handle Na+ in different places of the nephron. Which statement is correct?

   		Water is filtered out of glomerular capillaries by bulk flow.
   		Water is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule, and Na+ follows down its diffusion gradient.
   		The permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is modified by vasopressin.
   		Vasopressin inserts pumps in the collecting duct membrane that move water against its concentration gradient.

muscles that move the eyeball:

1. levator and depressor labii
2. levator and depressor labii
3. masseter, temporalis
4. orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris
5. superior and inferior obliques

The central nervous system:

1. excludes the cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia and sensory receptors.
2. is the source of thoughts and emotions.
3. is the destination of action potentials from motor neurons.
4. A and B are correct.
5. A, B and C are correct.

Which neuroglia cells produce myelin?

1. oligodendrocytes
2. Schwann cells
3. satellite cells
4. A and B are correct.
5. A, B and C are correct.

1. Why is it important for a hominid to have a more centralized to anterior foramen magnum position?

2. What does the shape of the pelvis indicate about its function in hominids?

3. What are some benefits of standing upright and moving as a biped rather than as a quadruped?

The smallest diameter motor neuron is found with which fiber type:

a) SO

b) FG

c) FOG

d) all have the same size neuron