Describe a muscle contraction, be sure to include all the players (example – sarcoplasmic reticulum, actin, myosin…) and aslo expalin the responsiveness of skeletal,cardiac, and smooth muscle

You have a new client that wants to begin an endurance cycling program under your guidance. They start by giving you the following information while filling out their Health screening questionnaire.  

• 45 yrs old and Female
• Weighs 65 kg and is 162 cm tall
• Smoker
• Recreational cyclist (30 min of cycling 4x per week)
• No current diagnosis of cardiovascular, pulmonary or metabolic disease
• No major signs or symptoms of cardiovascular, pulmonary, or metabolic disease
• No orthopedic limitations to exercise
• Her father died of a heart attack at 65 yrs old, but her mother is still living at the age of 70.  

She also brings you a blood profile and blood pressure from a visit to a physician last week. The results are below:

• BP = 135/95 mmHg
• HDL=50 mg/dL
• LDL=149 mg/dL
• Total cholesterol = 199 mg/dL
• Fasting blood glucose = 80 mg/dL

She would like for you to assess maximal exercise capacity (VO_2max) AND begin participating in high intensity cycling in order to train for an upcoming race in 8 weeks. Answer the following: (7pts)

1. List her risk factors for CVD
2. Classify/stratify her as low, moderate or high risk for CVD
3. Can you perform a VO2 max test on her? Explain why or why not
4. Can she safely begin a high-intensity exercise training program? Explain why or why not.

A 78 year-old man gets up too quickly from his Lazyboy and nearly falls to the floor after experiencing light-headedness, but luckily falls backward into the chair.

a. Briefly, what are the essential components of a visceral reflex?

b. What is the cardiovascular response to this drop in blood pressure?

c. What location in the central nervous system coordinates this response?

What is wrong?

6. Phytates are found in meat.

7. Ceruloplasmin transports iron.

8. There is an increased excretion of zinc during stress and high carbohydrate intake.

9. Copper is needed to need to change thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T4).

10. A deficiency of molybdenum resembles Parkinson’s disease.

1. Which of the following is not a function of the endocrine system?

   1. Regulates metabolism

   2. Regulates the chemical composition and volume of the body’s internal environment

   3. Controls growth and development

   4. Quickly responds to stimuli by way of action potentials

   5. Regulates operation of the reproductive system

2. Which of the following sets of hormones are antagonists?

   1. Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

   2. Glucagon and insulin

   3. GHRH and GHIH

   4. All of the above

   5. none of the above

3. ___ are attached to transport proteins within the bloodstream.

   1. Releasing hormones

   2. Pancreatic hormones

   3. Water-soluble hormones

   4. Lipid-soluble hormones

   5. All of the above

4. The adrenal medulla secretes ___

   1. Mineralocorticoids

   2. Glucocorticoids

   3. Androgens

   4. Adrenalins

   5. All of the above

5. The main link between the nervous and endocrine systems is the ___

   1. Thalamus

   2. Hypothalamus

   3. Pituitary gland

   4. Thyroid gland

   5. Adrenal gland

6. The primary target for antidiuretic hormone is the ___

   1. Kidney

   2. Hypothalamus

   3. Uterus

   4. Adrenal gland

   5. Pituitary gland

7. The hormone released in response to low blood calcium levels is ___

   1. Calcitonin

   2. Glucagon

   3. Thyroxine

   4. Parathyroid hormone

   5. cortisol

What is wrong?

1. PTH is made by the thyroid gland.

2. There is an increased excretion of zinc during stress and high carbohydrate intake.

3. Heme iron can be found in mushrooms.

4. Hemochromatosis causes an iron deficiency.

5. Metallothionein regulates the absorption of iron.

1. Calcitonin is synthesized by the ___

   1. Parathyroid gland

   2. Thyroid gland

   3. Adrenal gland

   4. Pituitary gland

   5. Pineal gland

2. Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are synthesized by the ____

   1. Anterior pituitary gland

   2. Posterior pituitary gland

   3. Pineal gland

   4. Thalamus

   5. hypothalamus

3. The main target for ADH is the ___

   1. Kidney

   2. Hypothalamus

   3. Liver

   4. Pituitary gland

   5. Adrenal gland

4. Increased heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure are effects of ___.

   1. Mineralocorticoids

   2. Glucocorticoids

   3. Epinephrine

   4. Androgens

   5. Parathyroid hormone

Sperm rely on both microtubules and microfilaments for key biological processes. Explain the role of microtubules and dynein in movement of sperm. Explain the role of actin in the process of fertilization.

QUESTION 2 Chickens occasionally use their breasts for flying extremely short distances, usually to escape perceived danger. Chickens generally use their legs for support while standing, and for walking. Chicken breasts are composed of “white meat” while chicken legs are composed of “dark meat”. Which of the following is true?

Group of answer choices

A) Chicken breasts are composed mostly of slow oxidative fibers; chicken legs are composed mostly of fast anaerobic fibers

B) Chicken breasts are composed mostly of slow oxidative fibers and fast aerobic fibers; chicken legs are composed mostly of fast anaerobic fibers.

C) Both chicken breasts and legs are composed of slow oxidative fibers; and the color is determined by the total myoglobin content in each muscle

D) Both chicken breast and legs are composed primarily of fast aerobic fibers and the color is determined by how many blood vessels there are in the particular muscle

E) Chicken breast are composed mostly of fast anaerobic fibers; chicken legs are composed mostly of slow oxidative and fast aerobic fibers.

QUESTION 3) While the semilunar valves are open during a normal cardiac cycle, the pressure in the left ventricle is ___ Group of answer choices

A) None of the choices are correct

B) greater than the pressure in the aorta

C) less than the pressure in the aorta

D) less than the pressure in the left atrium

E) the same as the pressure in the left atrium

Smooth muscle, like striated muscle, utilizes Ca2+ as a signal molecule that can allow contraction to occur. However, smooth muscle does not have troponin or tropomyosin. Therefore, Ca2+ must interact with other proteins. Describe these relationships.

Q1) which hormone is Not synthesized in the hypothalamus?

1. Oxytocin (OT)
2. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (THR)
3. Somatostatin
4. Prolactin (PRL)
5. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Q2) Which of the following statement is false.

1. Taste signals travel from the tongue through the facial and hypoglossal nerve.
2. The middle ear consists of an air-filled chamber.
3. Rods secrete glutamate from the base of the cell when not exposed to light.
4. Peptide hormones are synthesized by the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
5. None of these.

Q3) Epidural anesthesia is introduce in the epidural space between _______to block pain signals during pregnancy

1. Dural sheath and vertebral bones
2. Dura mater and pia mater
3. Dural sheath ad dura mater
4. Arachnoid mater and pia mater
5. Dura mater and arachnoid mater

Q4) Which of the following causes the plasma membrane to depolarize from its resting membrane potential (RMP)?

1. Outflow of sodium ions
2. Inflow of chloride ions
3. Outflow of glucose
4. Inflow of potassium ions
5. None of these

Q5) Which statement is false?
  a. Axons arising in the cerebellum cannot excite skeletal muscle contraction.
b. If a muscle is repeatedly stimulated and allowed to relax between stimuli, the successive contractions will be stronger. This phenomenon, known as treppe, or staircase effect, is thought to be due to the accumulation of calcium ions in the sarcoplasm.
c. Large motor units having a large innervation ratio allow for less control than small motor units.
d. A muscle contract more strongly when lifting a 20-pound weight than when lifting a 5-pound weight. This is because individual fibers contract harder.
e. None of these.

Describe the process of skeletal muscle contraction starting from an action potential being sent down a motor neuron to the contraction of the sarcomere.

There is a disease that in the nervous system, it shows up as a reduced firing rate in the neurons. What ion or channels could cause this and how?
In the skeletal muscle, the strength of contraction is drastically reduced What ion or protein might be responsible?
In the cardiac muscle, we witness a tendency toward tetanus. The muscle isn’t relaxing sufficiently between contractions. What ion or protein might be responsible?

You accidentally remove the adrenal glands. The patient now doesn’t produce aldosterone. What affect will this have on the kidneys? What effect on hydration? What effect on blood pressure? Tell me one other system that will be drastically altered by a lack of adrenal glands.

Does the patient then begin to hyperventilate What will happen to plasma pH? How might a paper bag help correct this? What will the kidneys do to compensate?
You hand them a pill of unknown origin. After they’ve taken it, you discover that it’s a poison, which is filtered and secreted in the nephron, but not reabsorbed. Is this better or worse than something that is reabsorbed? Explain.

How does contaminated water affect the kidney?  discuss the following, if applicable:

• how structures may change (think organ layers, protein shape, fluid losses, etc)
• how the altered structures affect the physiology
• how cells and tissues may be affected
• new exposure to toxins or carcinogens
• what else you find that doesn't fall into the four previous bullet points