13. Naya is a healthy 45 year old female, 5 foot 2 inches in height, and weighs 140 lbs.

          What intrinsic laryngeal muscles and laryngeal nerves are activated when she:

1. Coughs
2. Swallows
3. Breathes quietly
4. Says “Tubs” at 350 Hz. List each phoneme separately. Next to each phoneme, state the intrinsic laryngeal muscle(s) and laryngeal nerve(s) activated

If a person was hung upside down, how would the following be affected compared to when the person was standing up straight?

a) Stroke Volume

b) ANP release

c) Na reabsorption

d) Diuresis

e) Sympathetic activation

1. Answer the following in detail. (I'll give a thumbs up! Thanks.)

A. How does maternity leave in the US compare to other countries?

B. Which country/ies offer the best maternity leave and what is it like?

C. What is “motherhood penalty”?

Give a brief description of the different factors that contribute to blood circulation

1. Answer the following in detail. (I'll give a thumbs up! Thanks.)

A. What is “maternity leave” like in the US?

B. Are there State (in the UC) differences in maternity leave benefits?

C. Is there “paternity leave” in the US? In which states and what is it like?

Briefly discuss the layers, chambers, valves, vasculature, and the conduction system of the heart

Give a brief description of the different factors that contribute to blood circulation

What are the blood vessels of the body? Give brief details about ONE type

Discuss the mechanisms involved in the formation of the glomerular filtrate, its composition and the regulation of its rate of formation, the GFR.

why are Diseases affecting striated muscle cells lethal ?

1. Fill in the blank:

The ________ of a lymphocyte results in immune cells that have gained the ability to attack specific antigens.

2. How does a virus, such as HIV, typically enter a cell? What structure does the virus use to enter the cell?

3. Explain why we need the mechanisms of the adaptive immune system even though nonspecific or innate resistance mechanisms attack all foreign antigen (in other words, what purpose does the acquired immune system serve?)

List five regions of the brain. For each region describe the anatomy and function of the white and gray matter composing that region.

1. Given these test results

   Weber - louder in right ear

   Rinne - Negative for right ear, and positive for left ear

   Which ear if either, has hearing loss and what kind of hearing loss is it?

   		Left ear has sensorineural hearing loss.
   		Left ear has conductive hearing loss.
   		Right ear has sensorineural hearing loss.
   		Right ear has conductive hearing loss.
   		Neither ear has hearing loss.

1. Color blindness is due to what?

   	A.	a lack of all three types of pigments in the cones of the eye
   	B.	sex-linked genetic condition which means the gene for color blindness is on an X chromosome
   	C.	watching too many videos as a child
   	D.	Both A and B

1. If the vision in your left eye is 20/250, this means you can see clearly at ____________ feet what a person with normal vision could see at ___________________.

   	A.	20, 250
   	B.	250, 20
   	C.	None of these

What kind of lens corrects nearsightedness, also called myopia?

1. 	A.	convex
   	B.	concave
   	C.	Both of these
   	D.	None of these

“Like a polio ward from the 1950s” is how Guy McKhann, M.D., a neurology specialist at John Hopkins School of Medicine, describes a ward of Beijing Hospital that he visited on a trip to China in 1986. Dozens of paralyzed children---some attached to respirators to assist their breathing--filled the ward to overflowing. The chinese doctors thought the children had Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), a rare paralytic condition, but Dr. McKhann wasn’t convinced. There were simply too many stricken children for the illness to be the rate Guillain-Barre syndrome. Was it polio--as some of the Beijing staff feared? Or was it another illness, perhaps one that had not yet been discovered?

Guillain-Barre syndrome is a relatively rare paralytic condition that strikes after a viral infection or an immunization. There is no cure, but usually the paralysis slowly disappears, and lost sensation slowly returns as the body repairs itself. In classic Guillain-Barre, patients can neither feel sensations nor move their muscles.

Which division(s) of the nervous system may be involved in Guillain-Barre Syndrome?

Do you think the paralysis found in the chinese children affected both sensory (afferent) and somatic motor neurons? Why or why not?

In classic GBS, what would you expect the results of a nerve conduction test to be?

Dr. McKhann decided to perform nerve conduction tests on some of the paralyzed children in Beijing Hospital. He found that although the rate of conduction along the children’s nerves was normal, the strength of the summed action potentials traveling down the nerve was greatly diminished.

Is the paralytic illness that affected the chinese children a demyelinating condition? Why or why not?

Dr. McKhann then asked to see autopsy reports on some of the children who had died of their paralysis at Beijing Hospital. In the reports, pathologists noted that the patients had normal myelin but damaged axons. In some cases, the axon had been completely destroyed, leaving only a hollow shell of myelin.

Do the results of Dr. McKhann’s investigation suggests that the Chinese children had classic GBS? Why or why not?

Dr. McKhann suspected that the disease afflicting the chinese children-- which he named acute motor axonal polyneuropathy (AMAN)--might be triggered by a bacterial infection. He also thought that the disease initiated its damage of axons at neuromuscular junctions, the synapses between somatic motor neurons and skeletal muscles.  

Based on information provided in this chapter, name other diseases involving altered synaptic transmission.