Which of the following would result in reduced blood volume and blood pressure?

Dehydration

Consumption of hard alcohol (a diuretic)

Increased renin secretion by the granular cells

Natriuresis as caused by elevated atrial natriuretic peptide levels

Insertion of ENaC molecules into the apical side of the P cells

Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme

Increased angiotensinogen production but with no change in available renin.

In the absence of ACE inhibition, increased ANG I production

Explain the following pathways:

what is the Krebs cycle and what substances can enter into this cycle? What are the products of this cycle and where do they go?

what is ETS or oxidative phosphorylation and how does it allow for the production of ATP?

what are transamination and deamination and how do they allow for proteins to produce ATP?

Why right kidney enlarges after left kidney lost?

You are working with a patient who has the pancreatic duct that connects the pancreas to the small intestine completely blocked. Starting with the mouth, explain if and how each organ of the digestive system processes a meal that only contains proteins. Explain what effect the blocked pancreatic duct would have on digestion in the small intestine.

A 6-year-old boy is brought to the clinic where his mother reports that he was bitten by a neighbor’s dog two days earlier. The child’s right hand is lacerated between the thumb and index finger and this area is inflamed but healing. The doctor’s examination reveals small but painless swellings beneath the skin inside the right elbow and arm pit and he explains to the mother that these are active lymph nodes enlarged in response to the infection in the hand.

Questions:

6. What has produced the swelling?

7. Many immune-related cellular activities are often impaired in aged patients. Which lymphoid organ(s) normally develop less functionality and increasing amounts of adipose tissue with age?

8. Immunologists recognize two partially overlapping lines of defense against invaders and/or other abnormal, potentially harmful cells: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. In the case above, which would likely to occur first? What is innate immunity? Explain.

Dave is under a lot of stress at his job and at home. Lately, he has begun to feel discomfort and a burning sensation in his abdomen following each meal. After consulting a doctor, he finds that he has developed a duodenal ulcer. He does not understand how being nervous would cause an ulcer. Explain the cause and effect in his case.

discussing each of the five senses, the cranial nerve(s) responsible for them as well as where the cranial nerves originate and terminate.

Give a brief detail of the physiologic steps to muscle contraction. Explain with support of the appropriate chapters in your book.

We have multiple important muscles or muscle groups in the body. Chose one of the following and detail its attachment, insertion, the part of the body it moves, and anything else of particular importance: quadriceps; biceps; triceps; hamstrings; gluteus maximus; gluteus minimus; gastrocnemius; Sartorius; rotator cuff; pectorals; wrist flexors; wrist extensors; or tibialis anterior. Explain with support of the appropriate chapters in your book.

There are multiple types of cells in the nervous system. Choose one and detail its functions, shape, and anything special or particular about that type of cell. Explain with support of the appropriate chapters in your book.

Discuss five (5) PROS associated with a Laryngectomee’s use of the electrolarynx

population response to the coronavirus (children vs. adult vs. elderly) - how would a clinical trial be affected if enrolling adults vs,how the generalizability of the findings be applicable?

please I need answer in 6 lines with reference

Compare and contrast the functions and metabolism of VLDL and chylomicrons

1. Identify and describe the function of major organelles and structures in eukaryotic cells

2. Identify and describe the function of major structures in bacterial cells

1. Explain why bacterial behaviors such as biofilm formation, quorum sensing, and endospore formation can promote disease

2. Explain multiple ways in which causing disease to humans can benefit microorganisms

Medical Report: Nephrology Consultation

HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: This 57 year old white male was admitted to the hospital yesterday with a history of progressive lethargy, weakness, dysphagia, constipation, and generalized malaise. These symptoms have been present for the last 3 to 4 days.

During his last hospitalization on January 20, 2017, preoperative investigation revealed a BUN of 32 and a creatinine of 2.8, and there was no documentation of any BUN or creatinine at the time of discharge. He has a normal IVP.

It was noticed that he has a urinary tract infection with E. coli at that time, and hence he was discharged with Bactrim.

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: Revealed a 57 year old man, a little lethargic, well oriented. His BP was 136/74 mmHg. Tongue pink and a little dry. Neck: carotid pulsations normal. Skin: decreased in turgor at present. Heart sounds normal. No gallop. Lungs with normal breath sounds. Abdomen is full, with operative scar in the right hypochondrium, with ascites present. Extremities: no peripheral edema. Well perfused. Peripheral pulsations normal.

LABORATORY: Blood chemistry on 7/23/17: Na 134. K 4.7. CO2 80. Cl 100. BUN 128. Creatinine 10.0. Random blood glucose 117. Blood chemistry on 9/20/16: Na 139. K 4.4. CO2 18. Cl 107. BUN 138. Creatinine 7.6. Fasting blood glucose 110. Ca 8.4. P 5.5. Uric acid 19.7. Total protein 5.8. Albumin 2.4. Mg 3.4. Alkaline phosphatase 41.2. SGPT 59. SGOT 62. CBC: WBC 6.2 with Hgb 13.3. Hct 38.5. platelets 246.000. Urinalysis has shown specific gravity of 1.012. No protein or hemoglobin present. WBC 2-3, RBC 0-1; bacterial cells +1.

IMPRESSION: The patient has chronic renal failure of several years' duration with compromised renal function. His postoperative course was uneventful except for complaint of slight reduction of urinary output. There has been no documentation of renal function at the time of discharge. The patient was given Bactrim, following which the patient developed symptoms of uremia, and on investigation, the patient's renal function has markedly deteriorated in the course of 5 days. It is my presumption that the patient's chronic renal failure, which was in a delicate balance, has further deteriorated with Bactrim. The Bactrim has been discontinued for 24 hours now. There has been improvement in the creatinine level, from 10 to 7.6 mg%. His BUN is still high, and it appears that the patient is still in hypovolemia and needs further hydration.

In addition, the patient has pyelonephritis of several years' duration, and analysis of the urine yesterday does not reveal any evidence of persistence of the infection. The patient might also have renal function impairment secondary to chronic pyelonephritis.

Review of the record and the patient reveals no evidence of acute ischemic renal failure. His serum magnesium is high, and the patient received some Milk of Magnesia at home. If the patient does not show any further improvement in the next 24 hours, suggest obtaining a renal scan with blood flow studies.

1) Were the results of the preoperative BUN and creatinine studies abnormal? How can you tell?

2) Which organ function is evaluated with those two laboratory tests? How do these tests work?

3) Describe an IVP procedure.

4) Why has the patient's skin turgor decreased? How can you tell?