1. A. Compare the action potentials observed in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle.

B. Then describe the action potential associated with the sinoatrial node.

C. Describe the conduction system of the heart.

2.A. State the equations used to determine SV and CO. State the average values for all components.

B. What happens to stroke volume when: i. ESV increases and decreases ii. EDV increases and decreases iii. increased sympathetic innervation iv. increased parasympathetic innervation v. afterload increases and decreases

C. Describe the RAS system that is activated when BP decreases in afferent arterioles supplying the glomerular capsule.

3. Create a TABLE summarizing the endocrine organs (beginning with the hypothalamus), the hormones produced, the target organs of the hormones and the effect produced.

1. A. Discuss the process of the chloride shift in both the respiratory and the digestive systems.

B. Why are HCl and intrinsic factor necessary in the digestive system?

C. Briefly explain the roles of the GI hormones – CCK, VIP, GIP and secretin.

2. A. In order, list the components of the digestive system along with its associated glands/organs.

B. List and describe the 3 methods of propelling and mixing food utilized in different segments in the digestive tract and where they occur.

C. Describe where digestive and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins and fats occurs in the digestive tract.

D. Name the six sphincters found in the digestive tract and where they are specifically located.

How does cardiac output increase from 5 L/min at rest to 35 L/min during an incremental exercise where VO2 max is reached at the end?

1. A. Discuss the etiology of goiter development compared to that of a normal person.

B. List the three major endocrine cell types and their secretions found in the human pancreas.

C. Name and describe the roles of the substances produced by the exocrine portion of the pancreas.

2. A. A CBC is ordered for you and the sample of blood has just been taken. After proper procedures are observed and centrifugation occurs, the blood is separated into two major components. Name the liquid portion, the three proteins plus four other components contained in it.

B. Name the various cellular components in the formed elements and provide at least one feature for each of them.

C. Describe the flow of blood through the cardiovascular system.

1. A. List the components of each of the three layers that make up a typical arterial blood vessel.

B. Describe the differences in the middle layer structure between elastic and muscular arteries plus arterioles.

C. Describe the two pathways leading to the formation of a clot and the factors that initiate each of these pathways.

2. A. List the four different layers or tunics associated with the digestive tract from the esophagus to the rectum and the components found in each layer.

B. For the layer facing the lumen, list the three modifications noted in the small intestine that are associated with an increase in surface area.

C. In which layer are blood and lymph vessels found?

D. Describe the major differences between the stomach wall and the wall of the esophagus.

Choose the one item on the right that best relates to the item on the left. Each answer choice is only used once.

What are 3 molecular pathways in astrocytes that can result in epileptogenesis?

1. A. Besides MSH, list the 8 major hormones released from the pituitary gland

B. State which portion of the pituitary releases each hormone and list each hormone’s target tissue and function.

C.list at least one releasing hormone associated with each hormone listed in part A.

2.A. Describe the cardiac cycle and state when the heart sounds occur.

B. Describe the process of erythropoiesis

QUESTION 23

1. ___ is produced from hypothalamus and released from posterior pituitary gland.

   		ACTH
   		ADH
   		Growth hormone
   		Prolactin

QUESTION 24

1. The blind spot of the eye is where ___.

   		the optic nerve leaves the eye
   		more rod cells are found than cone cells
   		the macula lutea is located
   		only cone cells exist

1 points   

QUESTION 25

1. Which of the following is responsible for the coordination of muscle movement?

   		pons
   		hypothalamus
   		cerebellum
   		medulla oblongata

1 points   

QUESTION 26

1. The aqueous humor ___.

   		is located in the posterior segment of eye
   		returns to blood through scleral venous sinus
   		is produced only in embryos
   		is a viscous gel-like material

1 points   

QUESTION 27

1. Which of the following statements about hormones is FALSE?

   		Hormones are released by endocrine cells.
   		Hormones directly control nervous system.
   		Hormones are carried to their targets through blood circulation.
   		Hormones only work on cells with the appropriate receptors.

Hydrocephaly or an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid what most likely eventually result since the tumor would prevent normal movement and uptake of the liquid?

How much do you know about respiratory therapy? For this discussion, describe some

aspect of a respiratory therapists's work. Avoid information already stated in the

classroom or by other students.  Your response should be a minimum of 100 words,

Urinary System Review Questions

1: How do you predict whether this sample is hyper- osmotic, hypo-osmotic or iso-osmotic to the extra cellular fluid (ECF) and how do you predict whether the kidney is reabsorbing proportionately more solute or more water from the filtrate?

2:How do you predict whether the production of urine of a particular hydrogen ion concentration has to increase or decrease the hydrogen ion concentration of the ECF

3:Explain why protein is not normally present in urine although it is a major constituent of plasma and list two situations where presence of protein in the urine is normal

4:State whether there is likely to be a higher or lower concentration of ketone bodies in the urine of an individual who is starving or is an untreated diabetic