Gas Transport in the Blood. Describe in detail how carbon dioxide is transported in the blood. Be sure to include all the ways the blood transports carbon dioxide and a detailed explanation/description of how carbon dioxide is “loaded” and “unloaded” from the blood both in the tissues and the alveoli.

What measured in the aorta (branchial artery), blood pressure is represented by both systolic and diastoic values.

A. What is responsible for each of these pressures and how do these pressures change as blood moves through the arterial network at rest?

B.What changes in the vascular network occur to cause the observed changes in pressure?

C.Can these oberved changes in pressure ensure that blood returns back to the myocardium?

D. In turn, what changes do we observe in the aortic pressure during acute forms exercise?

E. With chronic forms of exercise?

1) Detail the complete reflex pathway involving parasympathetic signalling to the heart. Begin this at the carotid body baroreceptors.

( 2) Explain why the M2 subtype of muscarinic ACh receptors is found on the autorhythmic cells of the sinoatrial node and the M3 subtype is found on smooth muscle fibers of the bronchioles.

3) Skeletal muscle has a defined contraction period, causing the full contraction of every stimulated fiber. Part 1 - What determines the length of time during which the fiber contracts? Part 2 - What ends the contraction, so relaxation can begin? (not including the termination of the NMJ stimulation) Part 3 - Taking the previous two parts, and now adding in that the NMJ has stopped inducing depolarizations at the motor end plate, describe the events as the contraction cycle (each single twitch) ends. Part 4 - Taking the previous three parts, and now adding in that the NMJ continues to induce depolarizations at the motor end plate, explain the generation of increased muscle tension as summation occurs. 4) Using the following table for reference, explain each characteristic, especially noting the differences between fiber types within a given characteristic, and what that means to the fiber type. This of course requires you to relate the

describe how you would test the effects of noradrenaline produced from Locus Coeruleus on the plasticity of auditory cortex for a 22 kHz tone.

Explain the damage caused by the changes in the bronchi & bronchioles with chronic asthma.

B. Describe the response by the respiratory system, specifically alterations of the respiratory rate, to increased pH and decreased pH and how the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen vary with changes in pH.   

C. Using partial pressures, describe the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and the tissues.

D. Discuss the effects of pH and temperature changes on the oxygen dissociation curve for hemoglobin.

How are visual inputs organized in the LGN and in V1? And how do the visual field of photoreceptors (dots of light) result in the edges/lines for the visual cortex?

A. Describe parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons, taking into account the relative lengths of the fibers, neurotransmitters involved, and receptors that are present at the pre-post ganglionic junctions and postganglionic-target organ junctions (this does NOT include discussion of how the nerves exit the spinal cord).  

B. Name 5 effects of the flight-or-flight response and 5 effects that target DIFFERENT components than those named for the sympathetic effects of the rest-and-digest response.

A. Fully describe how erythroblastosis fetalis can be manifested.   

describe the action potential associated with the sinoatrial node.

1. Hemoglobin binds to and has a much higher affinity for carbon monoxide (CO) than for oxygen. CO is colorless and odorless and can be produced in homes heated by natural gas; victims usually do not realize they are being poisoned and often die in their sleep. Describe the likely changes in a CO poisoning victim.

2. You are a physiologist on a space flight to a distant planet. You discover intelligent humanoid aliens inhabiting the planet, and they willingly submit to your tests. You discover that the alien's kidney handles the sugar alcohol mannitol just like our kidneys handle inulin. You also test the alien for its renal handling of glucose. The data from that experiment are: Plasma level (constant over 24 hrs): 6 g/dL of mannitol and 2 g/dL of glucose; 24 hr. urine sample: volume of 2 L, containing 144 g mannitol and 52 g glucose.

A. What is the alien's glomerular filtration rate?

B. What is the alien's clearance rate for glucose?

C. How does the alien kidney handle glucose?

What is the homeostatic feedback loops for high/low blood volume.

Stimulus: Decrease in blood volume

Sensor: ?

Integrator: ?

Effector: ?

Response: ?

Stimulus: Increase in blood volume

Sensor: ?

Integrator: ?

Effector: ?

Response: ?

A 27 year old female training to be a police officer comes into the clinic complaining of left, anterior, knee pain. She states that while running an obstacle course yesterday she was running on uneven ground and she twisted her knee, causing her to fall. She landed on her left knee and immediately experienced pain. The patient states that she is unable to bear weight and she is unable to move her knee into full extension or flexion. The patient has considerable swelling and she states that when it first happened there was a bump (or deformity) on the outside of her knee. Lastly, the patient states that when she does try to weigh the bear it feels like her knee is going to give out. The patient does not recall hearing a pop. Based on this information, come up with a differential diagnosis, identify possible structures involved, and come up with a treatment plan for this individual.

If an autoimmune condition affects Type 3 immunity, therapies such as anti-IL-17 or anti-IL-23 may be effective. True or False?