Compare and Contrast the Neuronal Action Potential vs Cardiac Action Potential. Focus on the STEPS (depolorization, refractory period repolorization, Na/K pumps, resting membrane potential, ect...) of the both action potentials and identify the difference(s).
What is the significance and involvement of Calcium ions in the cardiac action potentials? Why are Calcium ions not necessary in the neuronal action potentials, but are essential in the myocardial AP?

Q1Even a small quantity of hormone can have a strong effect on its target cell because of ______.

a. negative feedback inhibition.

b. an antagonistic effect.

c. up-regulation

d. enzyme

e. down-regulation

f. none of these

Q2) Which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. The Golgi tendon reflex is the inhibition of a muscle contraction that occurs when its tendon is excessively stretched.
b. A ganglion is a swelling along a nerve containing cell bodies of peripheral neurons.
c. Neurons move material away from the soma by anterograde transport.
d. Astrocytes serve the same purpose in the CNS that Schwann cells do in the PNS.
e. None of the these.

Q3) Which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Taste signals travel from the tongue through the facial and hypoglossal nerves.
b. The middle ear consists of an air-filled chamber.
c. Rods secrete glutamate from the base of the cell when NOT exposed to light.
d. Peptide hormones are synthesized by the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
e. None of the these.'

Q4) Which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Fibers of the vagus nerve end very near their target organs.
b. The autonomic effect on a target cell depends on the receptor on that target cell.
c. Most sympathetic preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic fibers in the chain ganglia.
d. The autonomic nervous system carries out many somatic reflexes that are crucial to homeostasis.
e. None of the these

Q5) Which statement about diabetes mellitus (DM) is NOT correct?
a. type II DM is more common than type I DM.
b. target cells are unresponsive to insulin in type II DM.
c. the body produces autoantibodies that destroy the pancreatic beta cells in type I DM.
d. diabetic neuropathy is a common long-term effect of DM.
e. None of the these.

Q6) Which statement is false
  a. Axons arising in the cerebellum cannot excite skeletal muscle contraction.
b. If a muscle is repeatedly stimulated and allowed to relax between stimuli, the successive contractions will be stronger. This phenomenon, known as treppe, or staircase effect, is thought to be due to the accumulation of calcium ions in the sarcoplasm.
c. Large motor units having a large innervation ratio allow for less control than small motor units.
d. A muscle contracts more strongly when lifting a 20-pound weight than when lifting a 5-pound weight. This is because individual fibers contract harder.
e. None of the these.

a.Describe FIVE characteristics of a virus.

b.Name FIVE types of human herpesvirus and state an associated health problem of each named virus.

1. It illustrates possible changes in red blood cell volume resulting in the change in the composition of extracellular fluid in a cell that was balanced at 150 mM/L NaCl at time 0

1. illustrates the volume caused by immersion in a 300 mOsm NaCl solution?

2. represents the volume change caused by immersion in an aqueous solution of 200 mOsm/L of NaCl and 200 mOsm/L glycerol? (NOTE: TWO DIAGRAM

a.Explain the functional roles of kidney in the maintenance of water balance in the body.

b.Illustrate the damages of blood capillaries during the disease process of diabetes.

Explain the effects to Neurons specifically in each of the following diseases…think generalized 1 sentence answers

1) Multiple Sclerosis

2) ALS-Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

3) Parkinson's Disease

4) Alzheimer's Disease

• Understanding the interaction between a protein and its ligand at a molecular level is important in drug design. Based on your understanding of chemical specificity, do you think drugs should be designed to be highly specific to the target site or less specific? Think about side effects and the fact that mutations (resulting in changes in protein composition) are often present – discuss advantages and disadvantages of a drug that is highly specific to its target?

Doctor, you have a very unusual patient that has both nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and nephrotic syndrome. First, describe how this patient would appear (present) in your clinic. Second, describe the tests that you would order to confirm each of these diseases. Third, what is the course of treatment and medication that you would order for this patient.

Identify the difference between (Define, but focus on signs and symptoms)

Trace the blood flow from start to end

1. Start: great saphenous vein; end: internal iliac artery

2. Start: internal jugular vein: end brachial artery

3. Start: phrenic vein; end: gastic artery

4. Start: brachial vein; end: common carotid

Name all of the proteins involved in the sliding filament theory and their respective roles. And explain how muscle excitation and contraction are coupled.

Response time and Linearity is an important factor to choose a sensor for medical applications.
Explain how can we reduce the time response and increase the linearity of it.

please given the solution

Classify the following items into Direct and Indirect measurements, sampling or continuous, and
real or delayed time signals, mentioning the reason behind your choice:
1. EEG signal measurement, to analyse the phyological behaviour of the brain.
2. Temprature measurement, to detect the degree of infection of the body.
3. CT scan image of the heart, to measure the volume of the heart.
4. The digital blood pressure measurement device, to measure the response to blood pressue related
medicine.
5. EOG signal, to measure the visual defects in eye (like farsightedness, astigmatism, and presbyopia).

Describe the anatomy and histology of the lungs