Why does hearing decrease if an ear infection causes fluid buildup in the middle ear? What value are the tubes that are sometimes surgically placed in the eardrums for patients with a history of repeated middle ear infections accompanied by chronic fluid accumulation?

You are prodding your blindfolded lab partner’s arm with two need probes. Sometimes she can tell you are using two probes. But when you probe a less sensitive areas, she thinks there is only one probe. Which sense are you testing? Which receptors are stimulated? Explain why sometimes she feels only one probe.

One treatment for patients suffering from widespread swelling (widespread accumulation of interstitial fluid; called "anasarca") is a two-pronged approach which involves:

1. Administration of exogenous albumin, a protein already found in high concentrations in the plasma, and

2. Administration of Lasix, a diuretic.

Based on your understanding of filtration, reabsorption, and fluid homeostasis, why would this combination help remove accumulated interstitial fluid and contribute it to urine?

1. how sperm are formed and delivered by the male reproductive anatomy into the female reproductive anatomy

2. where ova come from and how and where the gametes meet.

Explain how the sympathetic nervous system acts to directly regulate stroke volume. Include a detailed description of the mechanism (include the target cells, the proteins, signaling molecules, ions, and changes in membrane potential where appropriate). What effect does this have on cardiac output? This will take about half a page to describe.

Which of the following would result in reduced blood volume and blood pressure?

Dehydration

Consumption of hard alcohol (a diuretic)

Increased renin secretion by the granular cells

Natriuresis as caused by elevated atrial natriuretic peptide levels

Insertion of ENaC molecules into the apical side of the P cells

Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme

Increased angiotensinogen production but with no change in available renin.

In the absence of ACE inhibition, increased ANG I production

Explain the following pathways:

what is the Krebs cycle and what substances can enter into this cycle? What are the products of this cycle and where do they go?

what is ETS or oxidative phosphorylation and how does it allow for the production of ATP?

what are transamination and deamination and how do they allow for proteins to produce ATP?

Why right kidney enlarges after left kidney lost?

You are working with a patient who has the pancreatic duct that connects the pancreas to the small intestine completely blocked. Starting with the mouth, explain if and how each organ of the digestive system processes a meal that only contains proteins. Explain what effect the blocked pancreatic duct would have on digestion in the small intestine.

A 6-year-old boy is brought to the clinic where his mother reports that he was bitten by a neighbor’s dog two days earlier. The child’s right hand is lacerated between the thumb and index finger and this area is inflamed but healing. The doctor’s examination reveals small but painless swellings beneath the skin inside the right elbow and arm pit and he explains to the mother that these are active lymph nodes enlarged in response to the infection in the hand.

Questions:

6. What has produced the swelling?

7. Many immune-related cellular activities are often impaired in aged patients. Which lymphoid organ(s) normally develop less functionality and increasing amounts of adipose tissue with age?

8. Immunologists recognize two partially overlapping lines of defense against invaders and/or other abnormal, potentially harmful cells: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. In the case above, which would likely to occur first? What is innate immunity? Explain.

Dave is under a lot of stress at his job and at home. Lately, he has begun to feel discomfort and a burning sensation in his abdomen following each meal. After consulting a doctor, he finds that he has developed a duodenal ulcer. He does not understand how being nervous would cause an ulcer. Explain the cause and effect in his case.

discussing each of the five senses, the cranial nerve(s) responsible for them as well as where the cranial nerves originate and terminate.

Give a brief detail of the physiologic steps to muscle contraction. Explain with support of the appropriate chapters in your book.

We have multiple important muscles or muscle groups in the body. Chose one of the following and detail its attachment, insertion, the part of the body it moves, and anything else of particular importance: quadriceps; biceps; triceps; hamstrings; gluteus maximus; gluteus minimus; gastrocnemius; Sartorius; rotator cuff; pectorals; wrist flexors; wrist extensors; or tibialis anterior. Explain with support of the appropriate chapters in your book.

There are multiple types of cells in the nervous system. Choose one and detail its functions, shape, and anything special or particular about that type of cell. Explain with support of the appropriate chapters in your book.

Discuss five (5) PROS associated with a Laryngectomee’s use of the electrolarynx