1.How does the lymphatic system react to a foreign antigen (i.e. bacteria). Include the cells and chemicals involved in the immune reaction. How will the reaction be different the second time this antigen is introduced to the body?

2.Describe the path of urinary filtrate from where it leaves the glomerulus to the ureter. Specifically, what happens to water, sodium and urea during this trip? How is the reabsorption of water and sodium regulated by hormones?

3.Discuss the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Be sure to include a discussion of the different ganglia found in each system and their roles.

4.Describe the major events of the menstrual cycle and what triggers those events (Be specific).

5.Give a complete description of the cardiac cycle. Include the electrical stimulation, specifics of blood flow and volume changes during the cycle.

6. Discuss in detail how the pH of the blood is regulated. Describe 2 situations in which pH levels might be abnormal and what would occur in the body to compensate for these alterations.

7. Discuss how the body reacts to a large amount of blood loss. Be sure to include how this loss in volume is sensed and what chemicals are released to signal the compensatory mechanisms.

8.Describe in detail the digestion and absorption of lipids. How are lipids transported and utilized throughout the body.

Match the description to the appropriate receptor type.

1.Pain, itch, and temperature receptors

2.Contain intrafusal fibers and flower spray endings

3.Discriminative touch receptors in fingertips

4.Contain nerve endings wrapped around thick collagen bundles

5.Rapidly adapting deep-pressure mechanoreceptors

6.Slowly adapting deep-pressure mechanoreceptors

●Bulbous corpuscles●Tendon organs●Muscle spindles●Free nerve endings●Lamellar corpuscles●Tactile corpuscles

Describe glucose and insulin concentrations during a 90-min moderate intensity exercise bout

1) Identify the CORRECT match of kidney structures or/and terms:

2)

When a strong acid such as HCl is added to the carbonic acid buffer system, ________________.

3)

The gastrocolic reflex normally:

I. is initiated by swallowing

II. inhibits gastric secretions and motility

III. inhibits the defecation reflex

IV. initiates mass movement in the large intestine

1)

When antidiuretic hormone levels are low, ________________.

2)

Select the correct order of structures a mature sperm will travel through during ejaculation.

1. Spongy urethra 2. Ductus deferens 3. Ejaculatory duct 4. Prostatic urethra

3)

During swallowing:

1)

Select the CORRECT match:

2)

The gastrocolic reflex normally:

I. is initiated by swallowing

II. inhibits gastric secretions and motility

III. inhibits the defecation reflex

IV. initiates mass movement in the large intestine

3)

When a strong acid such as HCl is added to the carbonic acid buffer system, ________________.

1. For the four different types of nerves found in the sympathetic division of the ANS, list how the neuronal axons (preganglionic or postganglionic?) exit the spinal cord and associated nearby ganglia. list at least one target organ or structure for each type.

2. A. Describe parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons, taking into account the relative lengths of the fibers, neurotransmitters involved, and receptors that are present at the pre-post ganglionic junctions and postganglionic-target organ junctions

B. Name 5 effects of the flight-or-flight response and 5 effects that target DIFFERENT components than those named for the sympathetic effects of the rest-and-digest response.

5. Explain the impact of damage to the Spinal Cord in each of the following functions. (14 points)
• Ventilation
• Communication
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Cardiovascular function
• Sensorimotor function
• Function of the intestine and urinary bladder
• Sexual Function

1. Look for information on the following clinical conditions. Include: etiology, symptoms, pathophysiology, pathology, prognosis. Describe the most characteristic of these conditions. (36 points) Myasthenia gravis

Peripheral mononeuropathies

Peripheral polyneuropathies

Parkinson's disease

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis