1)

Select the CORRECT match:

2)

The gastrocolic reflex normally:

I. is initiated by swallowing

II. inhibits gastric secretions and motility

III. inhibits the defecation reflex

IV. initiates mass movement in the large intestine

3)

When a strong acid such as HCl is added to the carbonic acid buffer system, ________________.

1. For the four different types of nerves found in the sympathetic division of the ANS, list how the neuronal axons (preganglionic or postganglionic?) exit the spinal cord and associated nearby ganglia. list at least one target organ or structure for each type.

2. A. Describe parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons, taking into account the relative lengths of the fibers, neurotransmitters involved, and receptors that are present at the pre-post ganglionic junctions and postganglionic-target organ junctions

B. Name 5 effects of the flight-or-flight response and 5 effects that target DIFFERENT components than those named for the sympathetic effects of the rest-and-digest response.

5. Explain the impact of damage to the Spinal Cord in each of the following functions. (14 points)
• Ventilation
• Communication
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Cardiovascular function
• Sensorimotor function
• Function of the intestine and urinary bladder
• Sexual Function

1. Look for information on the following clinical conditions. Include: etiology, symptoms, pathophysiology, pathology, prognosis. Describe the most characteristic of these conditions. (36 points) Myasthenia gravis

Peripheral mononeuropathies

Peripheral polyneuropathies

Parkinson's disease

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis

what four skin functions that could stop a person from getting a critical burn, how does that burn stop that function from occurring

John Doe, a 19-year-old college student, was rock climbing when she fell 30 feet to the ground. Paramedics arriving at the scene found him lying in the supine position, unable to move any extremities and complaining of neck pain. He was awake, alert, and oriented to his current location, the date and day of the week, and the details of his fall. His responses to questioning were appropriate. He complained that he could not feel his arms and legs. His pupils were equal and reactive to light. He showed no other signs of injury except for several scrapes on his arms. His vital signs revealed a blood pressure of 110 / 72, heart rate of 82 beats per minute, respirations of 18 per minute. The paramedics applied a cervical collar, placed him on a back board, immobilized his head, and transported him to the trauma center by helicopter.
Upon examination at the hospital, Doe had minimal biceps brachii stretch reflexes, but no triceps or wrist extensor reflexes. All other muscle stretch reflexes in the upper and lower extremities were absent. His perception of sensory stimuli ended bilaterally at an imaginary line drawn across his chest about 3 inches above the nipples (i.e. everything below felt numb). He had some sensation in his arms, but could not localize touch or describe texture with any consistency there. He was able to raise her shoulders and tighten his biceps brachii slightly in each arm, but could not raise either arm against gravity. His lower extremities were flaccid, despite attempts to move them. Vital signs were taken again at the hospital and were as follows: blood pressure=94 / 55; heart rate=64; respiratory rate=24 (with shallow breathing). His oral temperature was 102.2 degrees F. His color was dusky and his skin was warm and dry to the touch.
X-rays taken upon arrival revealed a fractured vertebra at a particular location. A chest X-ray showed a decreased lung expansion upon inhalation. Blood tests were normal, with the exception of a respiratory acidosis (blood pH = 7.25). The neurosurgeons immobilized her neck by inserting tongs into the skull above the ears to hold her neck in a position so that no further injury could occur. Joe was transferred to intensive care and her condition was stabilized.
A physical examination four days later revealed normal vital signs and no change in his arm strength or sensation, but also marked spasms and exaggerated stretch reflexes of the lower extremities. He also had urinary incontinence which required the placement of a Foley catheter connected to a urine collection bag.

Why did Doe's heart rate and blood pressure fall in this time of emergency (i.e. at a time when you'd expect just the opposite homeostatic responses)?
Upon admission to the hospital, Doe's breathing was rapid and shallow. Can you explain why?
Why did Doe lose some sensation in his arms and all sensation from the upper trunk down?
Why did Doe have dry skin and a fever upon admission to the hospital?
Based upon the physical exam findings, which vertebral bone do you think was fractured? Give reasons for your answer.
What is the normal pH of the blood? Why was Doe's blood pH below normal?

What are the major functions of the nervous system?

What are the two divisions of the nervous system? How are they different?

What is a neuron?

What are the three major neurons based on function (list and define)?

How is the somatic nervous system different from the autonomic nervous system?

What is a synapse?

What are neurotransmitters? List two and explain their functions.

List and explain the role of the supporting cells in the PNS.

List and explain the role of the supporting cells in the CNS.

What is the make-up and role of the myelin sheath?

What is a nerve plexus?

Explain the reflex arc.

What are the structures that make-up the CNS?

What does your brain di?

What branches off the spinal cord?

What do the lower spinal nerves control?

What do the thoracic spinal nerves control?

What do nerves above the neck do?

What can effect signals going into and out of the spine?

What can a subluxation cause?

Where can subluxations occur and what happens as a result?

A detailed reasoning on why endotherms use more oxygen/have higher metabolic rates at lower temperatures and ectotherms use more oxygen/ have higher metabolic rates at higher temperatures?

1. Gillespie syndrome (GS) is a rare genetic disorder. The disorder is characterized by having part of the iris missing, ataxia, and, in most cases, intellectual disability. It is termed as a heterogenous disorder because it can be inherited either through an autosomal dominant pattern or through an autosomal recessive pattern. Two parents are heterozygous for GS.

A. Assuming that the condition is following an autosomal dominant pattern, what are the ratios or percentages of the genotypes AND phenotypes for the possible offspring?

B. Assuming that the condition is following an autosomal recessive pattern, what are the ratios or percentages of the genotypes AND phenotypes for the possible offspring?

C. List three examples EACH for autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant and X-linked inheritance patterns.

1. A. Describe the negative feedback cascade of hormones in the male reproductive system that regulate spermatogenesis and testosterone levels once puberty has been reached.

B. Name three male secondary sexual characteristics influenced by testosterone.

C. Describe the steps of spermatogenesis plus the numbers of cells and chromosomes involved during each stage.

2. A. Name the segments of the menstrual cycle and, for each segment, list the female reproductive hormones that are being released and their sites of origin.

B. Describe the uterine responses during each phase of the menstrual cycle.

C. List the four extraembryonic membranes and one function for each.

1. Describe the lines of defense associated with the immune system. A. Four examples of anatomical barriers B. Three of the primary mediators of inflammation C. Names and brief descriptions of the four features that the specific immune system exhibits D. Name the two cell types known as lymphocytes and name their origin and maturation locations. E. Then, indicate how the cell mediated response (T cells) is activated.

2. A. Fully describe how erythroblastosis fetalis can be manifested. B. Name the five types of immunoglobulins and give one function for each.

1. A. List the components of the respiratory tract.

B. Describe the response by the respiratory system, specifically alterations of the respiratory rate, to increased pH and decreased pH and how the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen vary with changes in pH.

C. Using partial pressures, describe the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and the tissues.

D. Discuss the effects of pH and temperature changes on the oxygen dissociation curve for hemoglobin.

2. A. Discuss fluid exchange across the walls of capillaries and the formation of lymph.

B. List the three different types of capillaries and one place in the body where each could be found.

C. Describe the baroreceptor reflex.