Question

1. A. Discuss the etiology of goiter development compared to that of a normal person.

B. List the three major endocrine cell types and their secretions found in the human pancreas.

C. Name and describe the roles of the substances produced by the exocrine portion of the pancreas.

2. A. A CBC is ordered for you and the sample of blood has just been taken. After proper procedures are observed and centrifugation occurs, the blood is separated into two major components. Name the liquid portion, the three proteins plus four other components contained in it.

B. Name the various cellular components in the formed elements and provide at least one feature for each of them.

C. Describe the flow of blood through the cardiovascular system.

Answer 1

1. A goiter is an abnormal enlargement of your thyroid gland it mostly occurs when there is defeciency of iodine, The primary activity of the thyroid gland is to concentrate iodine from the blood to make thyroid hormone. when the levels of iodine are low, this condition is known as hypothyroid, in response to this pituitary gland in the brain senses the thyroid hormone level is too low and sends a signal to the thyroid. This signal is called thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). this hormone stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormone and to grow in size. This abnormal growth in size produces what is termed a goiter.

2. The islets of Langerhans are the endocrine  cells of the pancreas that produce and secrete hormones such as insulin and glucagon. The cells are,

Alpha cells of pancreas produce hormone, glucagon, beta cells produce insulin hormone,  Delta cells (D cells) secrete the hormone somatostatin,

C.) Exocrine Secretions of the Pancreas are as followa,

Proteases, which include, trypsin and chymotripsin, their main role is help in protein digestion.

Pancreatic lipase which help in fat digestion

Amylase which is responsible for digestion of carbohydrates,

In additon to this it produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions which are important in acid base balance of our body

2. When a sample of blood is spun in a centrifuge, the cells and cell fragments are separated from the liquid intercellular matrix. Because the formed elements are heavier than the liquid matrix, they are packed in the bottom of the tube by the centrifugal force. The light yellow colored liquid on the top is the plasma, The liquid portion is the plasma (90% water) . Various compounds, including proteins, electrolytes, carbohydrates, minerals, and fats, are dissolved in it. Proteins present are, hemoglobin, albumin, plasma protein and fibronogen

B) The formed elements are cells and cell fragments suspended in the plasma. The three classes of formed elements are the erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and the thrombocytes (platelets).

Erythrocytes or red blood cells that function in oxygen transport, Leukocytes white blood cells that function in immunity, and Platelets cell fragments that function in blood clotting

C) Blood in heart flows from right atrium to right ventricles through the tricupsid valve, --> pulmonary semilunar valve --> pulmonary trunk --> pulonary artery --> lungs -->pulmonary veins --> left atrium --> bicupsid valve --> left ventricles -->aortic semilunar valve -->aorta --> rest of the body.