Question

In: Anatomy and Physiology

Immune System and Lymphatic System Based on someone being sick or getting a immunization and then...

Immune System and Lymphatic System

  1. Based on someone being sick or getting a immunization and then gaining resistance to that pathogen, make a graph representing a first exposure and second exposure to a foreign antigen with antibody production. Y axis should be antibody levels with X axis being time/exposures. Include which antibodies would be more prevalent and during which exposure (IgG, IgM, IgA,etc.)

  1. A person has a wound and a foriegn pathogen enters the body. Create something that demonstrates how the body is going to react to this situation. Include the following items in this:
  1. MHC Class I
  2. MHC Class II
  3. B Lymphocytes
  4. T Lymphocytes
  5. Neutrophils
  6. Dendritic cells
  7. Antigen Presenting cells
  8. Mast Cells
  9. Macrophages
  10. Monocytes
  11. Natural Killer Cells
  12. Antibodies
  13. Antigen
  14. Lymph Nodes

Solutions

Expert Solution

When the foreign antigen enters the body the body removes the antigen via 2 Types of immunity

1) Innate Immunity 2) Adaptive Immunity

1)When the microbes enter through skin first innate immunity try to eliminate it as skin act as barrier because it is made up of many layers .
Also Phagocytic cells like neutrophils Natural killer cells complement system ,Toll like recetors all of them try to eliminate the bacteria by innate system that is present since birth .
When innate immunity fails to eliminate the pathogen then adaptive immunity comes into play .

2)The critical first step in the elicitation of the adaptive immune response to a primary antigen is the processing of antigen by antigen presenting cells (APC) for the presentation to naive T lymphocytes. MHC 1 complex present on all nucleated cells and its main function is to present tha antigen via Antigen cells To cytotoxic cells .Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) include , macrophages, and B cells,Dendrites their main function is to load partially degraded peptides into the groove of the MHC class 2 molecules.

A).Dendritic cells - are the most important APCs, as they do not have to be activated in order to present antigen to T cells. They constitutively express the co-stimulatory molecules needed to activate the naive T helper cells.

B).Macrophages - help activate the Th1 response by digesting microbes and presenting them to the T cells to elicit a cell-mediated immune response

C).B cells- present specific protein antigens to T cells to help elicit a humoral immune response and form clonal proliferation of antibodies or a Th2 response. B cells are unique, as they are the only APCs that specifically recognize antigen via the B cell receptors (of surface bound antibody).

3)Once antigen is processed and presented to a T cell, the adaptive immune response is initiated. These interactions occur within the secondary lymphoid tissue ( Spleen ,MALT mucosa associated lymohoid tissue and Lymph nodes ).The purpose of these interactions is to generate effector cells, which will ultimately result in the elimination of the infection. In order to generate specific effector cells, the activation of T cells via the TCR must go through several checkpoints to ensure antigen specificity and eventual T-cell activation.

4)Two most important interactions occuring which act as gate signals for activation of adaptive immune system .
1.First (primary) signal: recognition of the MHC:peptide complex by the T cell receptor and coreceptors (CD4 and CD8)

2.Second (costimulatory) signal: recognition of B7 by CD28

5)Also Helper T cells are arguably the most important cells in adaptive immunity, as they are required for almost all adaptive immune responses. They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells.

6)The Th1 response is characterized by the production of Interferon-gamma, which helps in activation of the bactericidal activities of macrophages and it also , and induces B cells to make opsonizing (marking for phagocytosis) and complement-fixing antibodies, and leads to cell mediated immunity .Th1 responses are more effective against intracellular pathogens (viruses and bacteria that are inside host cells). and foreign cells .

Th2 also produce Interleukin 4, which help to facilitates B cell isotype switching.
The Th2 response help to release of Interleukin 5, which induces eosinophils and act against parasites . In general, Th2 responses are more effective against extracellular bacteria, parasites including helminths and toxins.
Like cytotoxic T Lymphocytes , most of the helper T Lymphocyte die after the infection is subsided and form memory cells which helps during further infection.

Also B lymphocyte produce many antibodies against bacteria and help to get rid of infection .
IgM first antibody to produce
IgD attaches to Bcell and activate it
igG Opsonisation
IGA mucosal immunity Respiratory and GiT
IgE In allergic mast cell mediated reactions .


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