What are the major structures of the brain?  What is the function of each major structure?

Explain the structures and functions of the urinary system, make certain to include critical processes for urine production.

DESCRIBE THE PRODUCTS FORMED FROM ONE MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE AT THE CONCLUSION OF GLYCOLYSIS, KREB’S CYCLE, AND THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN. INCLUDE THE NUMBER OF ATP’S PRODUCED IN EACH OF THE FORMENTIONED.

Using the Wigger's diagram, explain the relationship between electrical and mechanical events during the cardiac cycle (mechanical events are actions of chamber and valves and involve pressure, flow and volume of blood).

1. Compare atrial and ventricular systole and diastole

• In common usage, how does the definition of a nerve differ from its physiological definition?

what are the external and internal features of the medulla?

what is the regional supply of the medulla

which specific trait/ nuclei are likely to be affected when blood supply to the lateral and medial part of the medulla is interrupted

If a patient complains of the following

a) loss of pain sensation over the right half of the face

b) loss of taste on the right half of the tongue

c) difficulty in hearing

Determine the structures involved and locate the lesion

Choose one of the major sensory systems (smell, taste, vision, hearing, balance, or touch) and explain in detail how a sensory stimulus is transduced into an action potential.

The hypothalamus and the primary motor cortex are the two parts of the brain that have the most direct influence over the body. Compare the ways in which each creates changes in the body and the types of function they are involved in.

You trip and fall and a scalpel ends up between your ribs and breathing becomes difficult. What has happened? How can it be fixed?

After your discharge from the hospital you go out for a nice dinner to celebrate. Puffer fish is on the menu. Turns out your previous patient is the chef and is less than motivated to carefully prepare your dinner. You end up with TTX poisoning. TTX blocks voltage gated sodium channels. How would this affect the firing of action potentials? Untreated, TTX poisoning is fatal due to asphyxiation. How? Would your death be quicker or slower at a high altitude? Why?

You accidentally remove the adrenal glands. The patient now doesn’t produce aldosterone. What affect will this have on the kidneys? What effect on hydration? What effect on blood pressure? Tell me one other system that will be drastically altered by a lack of adrenal glands.

Next, the patient begins to hyperventilate, what will happen to plasma pH? How might a paper bag help correct this? What will the kidneys do to compensate?
You hand them a pill of unknown origin. After they’ve taken it, you discover that it’s a poison, which is filtered and secreted in the nephron, but not reabsorbed. Is this better or worse than something that is reabsorbed? Explain.

Q1) Soon after a sugary meal, ______ cells in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) secrete ____.

1. Alpha; insulin
2. Alpha; glucagon
3. Beta; insulin
4. Beta; glucagon
5. None of these.

Q2)

what is the physiological significance of the skeletal muscle fiber triad relationship?

1. The t-tubules conduct electrical impulses that stimulate calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
2. The t-tubules bring calcium to the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
3. The terminal cisternae subdivide the sarcolemma.
4. The sarcoplasmic reticulum transfer calcium to the t-tubules.
5. None of these

Q3)   Which of these happens fourth in an adrenergic synaptic transmission?

1. ATP is converted to cyclic AMP
2. Adenylate cyclase is activated
3. G protein dissociates from the NE receptor
4. G protein binds to adenylate cyclase
5. Cyclic AMP induces several effects in the cell

Q4)  ____ is the only sense in which signals can reach the cerebral cortex through second order sensory neurons.

1. Equilibrium
2. Vision
3. Touch
4. Smell
5. Taste
6. None of these

Q5) During the muscle contraction ______.

1. The A-bands get smaller
2. The H zone becomes more obvious
3. The Z-discs get pulled away from the A bands
4. The I-bands get smaller
5. None of these

Which of the following would most likely reduce mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

a. increased inotropism              

b. increased vasodilation

c. increased venous return       

d. increased cardiac output

e. increased plasma colloid osmotic pressure

Which statements would also be true about the effects of fasciculin? Check all that apply.

Group of answer choices

It would cause more calcium to be released fron the sarcoplasmic reticulum

It would increase the amount of ACh in the synapse

It would decrease the amount of ACH in the synapse

It would increase parasympathetic output

It would increase sympathetic output

It would decrease parasympathetic output

It would decrease sympathetic output

It would have influence on autonomic output