Starting with a Meissner’s corpuscle in the index finger (digit 2) trace the afferent pathway to the brain and then the efferent pathway to the flexor digitorum profundus muscle that enervates the flexion of the index finger. For the afferent pathway be sure to describe the peripheral afferent nerves and the spinal nerve plexus involved. Then describe the three afferent systems, the anterolateral system (ALS), the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway (DCML), and the somatosensory pathway to the cerebellum of the spinal cord. Which pathway carries the fine touch sensory information from Meissner’s corpuscles up the spinal cord? What is the major afferent processing center in the diencephalon? What is the final destination of the fine touch sensory information in the cerebral cortex? Is this fine touch sensation conscious or unconscious sensation? How does the brain respond to generate a motor or efferent response? For the efferent pathway start with the primary motor cortex in the precentral gyrus. For the efferent pathways be sure to describe the pyramidal and extrapyramidal efferent pathways. Which is involved in fine motor control? What plexus and arm nerve is involved in this motor control of the flexor digitorum profundus muscle? What role does the cerebellum play in the flexion or the index finger?

2. Describe the role of hormones in calcium regulation and how bone, kidney, and the intestines are involved. Describe how this influences bone deposition and resorption.

E. coli O157:H7, a common foodborne pathogen, causes kidney failure and even death due to the production of:

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Question 41 (1.25 points)

Which bacterial pathogen is NOT be transmitted by person-to-person direct contact?

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Of the viral infections listed below which one is NOT transmitted through direct person-to-person contact?

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Question 43 (1.25 points)

Genetically engineered microbes are used to produce which of the following?

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Question 44 (1.25 points)

_________ refers to illness caused by to consumption of food contaminated with viable bacterial populations, whereas ________ refers to the illness due to ingestion of food containing bacterial toxins.

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The most common way to quantify microbes from food and dairy samples is by:

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Question 47 (1.25 points)

If an antibiotic disables the ability of bacterial ribosomes to recognize start codons, which process is disrupted?

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Question 48 (1.25 points)

Which of the following can facilitate spread of a common-source epidemic?

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What is the primary fuel source for exercise at a high intensity (i.e. about 70% of max)?

1. What percentage of a drawn blood sample would be plasma after it has been spun down in the centrifuge?

2. LIST Three factors that affect Stroke Volume. b. LIST Three factors that affect Heart Rate? What is EDV? What is ESV?

John was at a pool party. Some of the people had a little too much to drink and a fight broke out. John was hit in the head with a strange object and temporarily lost consciousness. We he regained consciousness, he was lying supine on the ground and someone was putting a compress over his wound.

John complained that his vision was blurry so he quickly removed the compress from his head and jumped up. We he stood up, he became dizzy and fell to the ground again. Now he was in more pain because he hit his head in the exact same spot when he fell. This time, the wound on his head opened up even more and blood started to pour down his face. John became unconscious again and the ambulance rushed him to the hospital.

Based on the above scenario, answer the following questions?

1. Why did John become unconscious?

2. Why do you think his vision became blurry?

3. The best position for John is to lay down on the ground. Explain why this is the best position as it relates to blood flow.

4. Why did the person put a compress on his wound?

5. Name 3 blood vessels that are located in his head.

6. If the object had hit John's neck causing a deep laceration in his neck, explain why a deep wound to the neck can be life threatening as it relates to blood flow.

How does reduced blood flow to the kidneys affect:

a) Blood pressure

b) Blood Volume

c) GFR

d) MAP

A single drop of water has the fate of ending up one day in urine. Once it has become filtrate, it contains glucose, urea, H+, amino acids, Na+, Cl-, K+, and, of course, water. Discuss what happens with each of these, within the context of the three main functions of the nephron (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion).

Use the coronavirus as a case study to illustrate major physiological concepts (“big ideas”). For example, how does it relate to biological levels, cell signaling, etc. Include specific details and examples in your answer for full credit

1. A blood smear is used to diagnose malaria. In patients with malaria, the protozoa can be found near and inside red blood cells. Explain why a microscope capable of high magnification and high resolution would be needed to diagnose malaria.

2. Histopathology is the use of microscopes to view tissues to diagnose and track the progression of diseases. Why are thin slices of tissue ideal for this procedure?