** Integrative Question: Describe at least FIVE processes in neurons, myocytes (muscle cells skeletal, smooth, & cardiac), and secretory endocrine glands in which Calcium Ions (Ca++) function as important intracellular secondary messengers. Draw simple diagrams showing how calcium exerts its effect on cells in each of these cases (what cells and molecules does Ca++ act upon, and what is the result?).

1. Why patella is important for the patellofemoral joint complex?

2. Explain why the “core” is important when it comes to the stability of the upper and lower extremity?

1. Liver cirrhosis is a progressive disorder in which normal hepatocytes are replaced by scar tissue. This scarring damages blood vessels and can block blood flow through the liver. Patients with cirrhosis often present with ascites, an abnormal build-up of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. Explain why this might occur. What other organs could be affected?

Integrative Question: Compare and contrast the anatomies, neurotransmitters, receptors, and effects/ functions of the somatic, sympathetic, and parasympathetic NERVOUS systems. How does each affect the heart, peripheral circulation, nephron/renal circulation, GI tract, endocrine pancreas, and the smooth (bronchiole, arteriole) and skeletal muscles of the respiratory system? (Suggestion: make a TABLE)

Imagine a pulmonary embolus breaking up and entering the pulmonary artery supplying blood to an entire lobe of the left lung, blocking 75% of the pulmonary arterioles in that lobe. Describe the effects on the arterioles and bronchioles in this lobe in response to this event.

6. How does the mechanism by which diuresis occurs with diabetes insipidus differ from that which
occurs in diabetes mellitus?

8. What other conditions result in polyuria and polydipsia (pu/pd)?

9. What is ddavp and how is it administered?

Identify the components and general layout of the central nervous and peripheral nervous systems.

Describe the components and general function of the basal ganglia and limbic system, midbrain, and hindbrain.

Case Study #2

Part 1. Make a case study (written by medical professionals for medical professionals) using 10 words in list below.

1)     Chancre

2)     Coitus

3)     Potency

4)     Urethritis

5)     Vasectomy and/or Vasovasostomy

6)     Sterile and/or Sterilization

7)     Amenorrhea and/or Dysmenorrhea and/or Menorrhea

8)     Dyspareunia

9)     Hysterosalpingography

10)   Culdocentesis

11)    Menarche

12)   Menorrhagia

13)   Puerperium

14)   Anovulatory

15)   Gravida 1

Part 2. define the words listed within the context they are used in the case study you just made

Define all the words in the list above

As a result of stress, the anterior pituitary releases__________, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats.

A. Cortisol

B. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

C. ACTH

D. Growth Hormone

I picked C am I right?

There are only a handful of signaling pathways (FGF, WNT, BMP/TGFB, HH, Notch, steroid) that shape development. Which one do you think is the most important? Sketch the signaling pathway (ligand, receptor, intercellular signaling). Defend the importance of your choice with specific examples. Identify a human disease caused by changes in this signaling pathway. Propose a way to treat the condition by modulating the pathway with genetic technology.

-Understand the order of blood flow and filtrate flow in the kidneys. How do molecules enter the glomerulus, where are they filtered, where are they reabsorbed, and how are they excreted from the body?

-What factors regulate glomerular filtration rate (increase and decrease it)? How can urine formation be increased? What is a diuretic?

-How do freshwater fish regulate blood volume and salts? How do saltwater fish regulate blood volume and salts?

-How does the body respond to blood loss? (hormones, nervous system, cardiac output and contractility, heart rate, blood vessels) What causes death from hemorrhagic shock?