Describe the anatomy of spine, bones, nerves and muscles.

Describe in your own words the anatomical structure of the spinal cord.

For example, you can describe the spinal cord from the superior to the inferior part or you can describe how the gray and white matter are oriented in the spinal cord.

1. A. List the four phases of mitosis and the major events that occur in each phase.

B. Name the two events in meiosis that are critical to zygote development.

C. List the steps for sperm entry into the oocyte.

2. A. Describe the steps of oogenesis and detail the results of the various stages plus the numbers of cells and chromosomes involved during each stage

B. Describe how the antibody mediated response (B cells) is activated.

C. Describe positive and negative selection processes for T cells.

1.a specific receptor protein on the plasma membrane defines the target cell

[ Choose ]            (N) neither type            (W) water-soluble hormones            (L) lipid-soluble hormones            (B) both types      

2. hormone-activated receptor protein in nucleus activates mRNA transcription

[ Choose ]            (N) neither type            (W) water-soluble hormones            (L) lipid-soluble hormones            (B) both types      

3. ATP is hydrolyzed to form cycle AMP

[ Choose ]            (N) neither type            (W) water-soluble hormones            (L) lipid-soluble hormones            (B) both types      

4. hormone induces a physiological response in specific target cells

[ Choose ]            (N) neither type            (W) water-soluble hormones            (L) lipid-soluble hormones            (B) both types      

5. autocrine cells synthesize hormone

[ Choose ]            (N) neither type            (W) water-soluble hormones            (L) lipid-soluble hormones            (B) both types

Betty, age 11, has always been several inches shorter than all of her classmates, and now she seems to have stopped growing. What could be the cause? Could this be a genetic factor, explain?

describe how Phase 1 and phase 2 metabolism influences/affects renal and hepatic elimination of a drug

Which of the following emotional states might you reasonably expect to have physiological symptoms/responses (i.e. increased heart rate; sympathetic response) associated with it?

Stratified squamous epithelium cells can exist two forms; keratinized and nonkeratinized. Describe these two forms and where they would typcialy be found.

1)Name two differences between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

2)Describe six steps of transmission at a neuron to neuron synapse using the illustration below.

3)Name two functions of cerebrospinal fluid.

4)Describe a somatic reflex

1. A recent news story (not really!) highlighted the near-drowning of a Navy Seal recruit that deliberately hyperventilated before diving into the water. The recruit was practicing an exercise that required them to hold their breath underwater for an extended period of time. The recruit reasoned that hyperventilation prior to the exercise would alter their physiology in a way that would increase the length of time they could hold their breath. Explain the physiological basis of this belief (use the terms hypocapnia and hypercapnia in your answer)

2. The digestive system and respiratory system share some structures, yet others must be kept separate to prevent choking. Describe how substances that are intended to be swallowed may get “misdirected” and lead to choking. Be sure to include all structures involved.

1). Explain why positive feedback is more likely than negative feedback to disturb homeostasis.

2). What is the main chemical similarity between carbohydrates and lipids? What are the main differences between them?

3). Define hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic, and explain why

these concepts are important in clinical medical practice.

4). Summarize the structural and functional differences between DNA and RNA.

Inguinal hernias:

A- occur with equal frequency in males and females.

B- are signs of old age and almost never congenital.

C- always enter the inguinal canal.

D- always reach the scrotum.