Describe two arms of the immune response, types of recognition proteins utilized by the immune system, and elaborate on how an antibody molecule achieves high specificity for its antigen

Explain the role of regular physical activity and its effect on healthy aging. Also, explain how regular cardio exercise and strength training? Through the Neuromuscular system and Cardiorespiratory system.

What does it mean to delay morbidity and how do lifestyle choices factor into high quality of life?

QUESTION #1:  Demolition at the construction site accident

A 42 year-old man is admitted to the emergency room having been in an accident involving a construction site and dynamite. The patient was brought to the hospital and it was explained that a detonation they were working on went off too soon and the worker was thrown to the ground. The patient was seen drinking plenty of water throughout the day.

The 42 year-old is conscious, blood pressure is slightly high, her pulse is strong but rapid. The patient is breathing normally. The patient is evidently embarrassed by the events. A nurse asks the patient to describe what happened and these are the symptoms that are noticed as the patient tries to explain the events:

1. His speech is slurred and difficult to understand.
2. The left side of his mouth is drooping, and he is drooling but does not seem to notice.
3. He is speaking loudly as he explains.
4. He keeps asking everyone to speak up.
5. He has trouble remember the sequence of events.

The patient’s reflexes are checked, including the ability to touch his nose with his eyes closed. His reflexes are normal; however he is unable to touch his nose with his eyes closed. His movements seem uncoordinated.

As the examination continues, the nurse discovers the following:

1. His right ear is scraped up from the fall and needs to be treated.
2. His pupils are dilated.
3. The patient complains of a dry mouth.
4. The patient complains of a massive headache, and is holding the right side of his head.
5. The patient has difficulty walking in a straight line.

The nurse believes that the patient has suffered some minor injuries, and the nurse suspects that the patient most likely has a concussion.

answer the following questions:

1. Why might his blood pressure be elevated and his pulse be rapid?
2. What could be causing his slurred speech?
3. Why might the left side of his lip droop?
4. Why does he not seem to notice the drool? (Use physiological reason, not psychological. Although a possible reason could be ‘because she has more important things to worry about’, answer this question by applying the physiology learned in modules 6 and 7.)

1. Why might he be speaking loudly?
2. Why might he be asking everyone to speak up?
3. Explain why he cannot remember the recent events. (Again, use a physiological explanation, not a psychological one.)
4. What is the nurse testing by asking the patient to touch his nose with his eyes close?
5. What does it mean for the patient who cannot touch his nose with his eyes closed?
6. What could explain why his pupils are dilated?
7. What explains the dry mouth?
8. What might explain the problems with balance?
9. Make a list of the symptoms of a concussion.
10. What are some recommended treatments for a concussion?
11. What parts of the patients brain may have suffered an injury based on his symptoms?

QUESTION #2:

Increased need to urinate while swimming.

A friend of yours has twin 5 year old girls and loves to take them to the pool. You friend tells you, however that the most annoying thing is that although the girls are asked to pee before going into the pool, they generally say they don't have to pee, just to ask to go pee 5 minutes after being in the pool! "What's up with that?!" your friend asks, "Could there be something wrong with the girls, are they just being mischievous? Do you think I should take them to the doctor to see if there is a problem with their bladders? It only ever happens when they go into the pool". As a physiology student, apply your knowledge to explain why the girls tend to have to pee when they go swimming.

Question 1) Using your knowledge of physiology and circulation, how does the body respond if it gets cold, as would be the case during swimming?

1. Which receptor is responsible for detecting cold?
2. What pathway does the information travel up to the brain?
3. Where in the brain is the information received?
4. To conserve heat, where will blood be directed? To the limbs, or to the vital organs?
5. How is blood directed?

Question 2) Now that we know where blood is being directed when the body gets cold, how does that affect the following?

1. Blood pressure
2. Cardiac output
3. ANS
4. Osmoreceptors, Posterior Pituitary and ADH

Questions 3) How do the kidneys respond to the changes that can occur in blood pressure, cardiac output, ANS, Osmoreceptor, Posterior Pituitary and ADH, as noted in the previous questions?

1. How do the kidneys respond to changes in blood pressure?
2. How do the kidneys respond to changes in cardiac output and blood volume?
3. How do the kidneys respond to changes in ANS?
4. How do the kidneys respond to changes detected by osmoreceptors?
5. What hormones regulate water uptake in the kidneys?
6. What are water channels called?
7. In which part (s) of the nephron is water absorbed?

Question 4) Now that you have applied your knowledge, what can you tell your friend about their question? Is there something wrong? (Yes or no). What is your diagnosis?

QUESTION#3:

• Reproduction Case Study -

  A 33 year old woman and her 32 year old husband have been trying to have a baby for over a year. Unfortunately, they have not yet been able to conceive. The woman has been tracking her cycle and does not have a regular 28 day cycle. Both husband and wife are somewhat healthy, non-smokers and occasional drinker, although the women has given up drinking since they have started trying for a baby.

  1. Since the women does not have a regular cycle, you first want to determine if she is ovulating. You decide to test her hormonal levels.
  1. Where are gonadotropins produced?
  2. What hormones signal the production of gonadotropins?
  3. What hormones signal the release of gonadotropins?
  4. On which tissues do gonadotropins act in the female body?
  5. What hormonal surge causes ovulation?
  6. How is the hormonal surge produced?
  7. In what phase of the menstrual cycle does the surge begin to occur?
  8. How does the hormonal surge cause ovulation?
     1. Where are mature sperm stored?
     2. What hormone contributes to the development of the vas deferens?
     3. When does the development of the vas deferens occur?
     4. What structure would you look for to determine if the sperm was mature?
     5. How many chromosomes does mature sperm have?
     6. What hormone helps to maintain the pregnancy?
     7. How does it help to maintain the pregnancy?
  9. You determine that the woman is not ovulating regularly, which is perhaps due to low levels of estrogen. After further investigation you determine that her family has a history of high cholesterol, she avoids eating many types of foods, including fats and cholesterol. This lack of cholesterol has lead to a loss of normal estradiol production, and an irregular menstrual cycle.   
  10. What structures produces estrodiol?
  11. How does cholesterol play a role in producing estrodiols?
  12. Production of which other hormones may have been affected by low cholesterol levels?
  1. The woman receives proper nutritional consultation and adjusts her diet in a healthy way. Her menstrual cycle becomes regular and her hormonal levels indicate that she is ovulating. You next determine whether she is actually ovulating. To do so, you use ultrasound imaging to survey her ovaries.
  1. What structure will be present if she has just ovulated?
  2. What hormone does it produce?
  3. What is the hormones role?
  4. What is the structure called after a few weeks post ovulation?
  1. The woman does in fact ovulate, so you now determine if her reproductive organs are also functioning and are properly formed.
  1. In which structure does conception occur?
  2. In which structure does implantation occur?
  1. The woman’s reproductive system is healthy and no longer presents any obvious issues. However, the couple are still not able to get pregnant. You now test the husband’s sperm.
  1. What role do the Leydig cells play in sperm production?
  2. What role do the Sertoli cells play in sperm production?
  3. Where is testosterone produced?
  4. What stimulates the production of testosterone?
  5. What prevents the production of testosterone?
  6. What role does the ejaculate play in maintaining sperm health?
  1. You determine that the husband does not have any sperm, dead or alive, in the ejaculate. You investigate if there is a problem with his reproductive structures.
  1. What structure links the testes to the urethra?
  2. What role does the blood-testes-barrier play in sperm production?
  1. You are able to determine that the husband has under developed vas deferens, preventing sperm release. You are able to retrieve healthy sperm and inseminate the woman.   

  Success! The couple is pregnant.

PLEASE ANSWER ALL OF THE ABOVE (physiology)

What do you expect may happen to the heart rate in individuals with DCM and HCM in an attempt to compensate for decreased ejection fraction? Why?

what do you know about Birth Control and briefly the different methods of Birth Control? Please explain to me every single step in detail because I don't understand. Thank you!

1) Ally is on top of a mountain slope as she is about to ski for her first time and she is scared, she bends over and starts to go down the slope. She immediately feels her heart beating fast, potentially going sympathetic dominant, which hormone was released and where was it released into?

A) Epinephrine that was released to an effector organ

B) Aldosterone that was released into the kidneys

C) Adrenaline that was released into the bloodstream

D) Two of these are correct

E) No hormones were released

2. Ally wants to stop but doesn't know how so she contracts her muscles and sticks her ski poles in the snow. What allowed her to be able to contract her biceps to be able to do this?

A) Actin and myosin separate in opposite directions from each other for the muscles to be able to contract

B) The motor units of the somatic nervous system that are made up of neuron axon terminals work together to be able to contract and move the muscles

C) The lateral period is the reason why muscles are allowed to contract

D) None of these are correct

E) All of these are correct

3. After Ally stuck her poles in the snow she fell over and hurt herself, soon after another skier found her and she was rushed to the hospital. The doctor took her vitals and an x-ray on the chest, the result showed a thrombus formation. What does this mean and where are they located?

A) There was a blood clot formed in her veins or arteries that could be a big problem since it blocks blood from flowing through

B) It is a type of heart failure that is life threatening that is specifically located in the ventricles

C) It is a disease in the arteries that contains extra fatty materials in the inner wall

D) Two of these are correct

E) None of these are correct

how are the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system different? (pathways, cells, functions)

Please explain

1) You were the top student in your physiology class last semester. For this reason, your professor has asked that you prepare some lectures for her physiology class this semester. Specifically, she would like you to discuss the similarities and differences between the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, in terms of pressure gradients and fluid flow.

Explain how will you describe the role of the following structures: the pump and the tubes.

2) List, compare, and contrast the locations and stimuli for respiratory chemoreceptors.

What are the major structures of the brain?  What is the function of each major structure?

Explain the structures and functions of the urinary system, make certain to include critical processes for urine production.

DESCRIBE THE PRODUCTS FORMED FROM ONE MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE AT THE CONCLUSION OF GLYCOLYSIS, KREB’S CYCLE, AND THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN. INCLUDE THE NUMBER OF ATP’S PRODUCED IN EACH OF THE FORMENTIONED.

Using the Wigger's diagram, explain the relationship between electrical and mechanical events during the cardiac cycle (mechanical events are actions of chamber and valves and involve pressure, flow and volume of blood).