1. A recent news story (not really!) highlighted the near-drowning of a Navy Seal recruit that deliberately hyperventilated before diving into the water. The recruit was practicing an exercise that required them to hold their breath underwater for an extended period of time. The recruit reasoned that hyperventilation prior to the exercise would alter their physiology in a way that would increase the length of time they could hold their breath. Explain the physiological basis of this belief (use the terms hypocapnia and hypercapnia in your answer)

2. The digestive system and respiratory system share some structures, yet others must be kept separate to prevent choking. Describe how substances that are intended to be swallowed may get “misdirected” and lead to choking. Be sure to include all structures involved.

1). Explain why positive feedback is more likely than negative feedback to disturb homeostasis.

2). What is the main chemical similarity between carbohydrates and lipids? What are the main differences between them?

3). Define hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic, and explain why

these concepts are important in clinical medical practice.

4). Summarize the structural and functional differences between DNA and RNA.

Inguinal hernias:

A- occur with equal frequency in males and females.

B- are signs of old age and almost never congenital.

C- always enter the inguinal canal.

D- always reach the scrotum.

Imagine a friend tells you, “I heard that most people’s bodies are too acidic these days and we need to drink alkaline water to get ourselves back into balance.”

How would you respond? Include in your response information about our buffer system and information about the activity of either the lungs or kidneys.

why there is errors during dividing of sex cells (meiosis) of the women in advanced maternal age

Subject Anatomy: Discuss the blood supply of the gastrointestinal tract?

1. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors exist in several forms. Which one is more associated with controlling cardiac output?

a. The CNS type on post synaptic membranes

b. The muscle type on pre-synaptic membranes

c. The ganglion type that increases Ca++ currents

d. The ganglion type that increases Na+/K+ currents

e. The M2 type on cardiac cells

2. Neurotransmitter receptors in the autonomic nervous system are all G-protein coupled receptors, except for one. Which one?

a. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

b. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

c. Alpha adrenergic receptors

d. Beta1 adrenergic receptors

e. Beta2 adrenergic receptors

3. In the heart, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors can slow heart rate by manipulating a second messenger system. The same second messenger is manipulated by another autonomic neurotransmitter receptor to speed heart rate. What is the second messenger and the stimulatory receptor?

Norepinephrin and nicotinic receptors

cAMP and beta adrenergic receptors

IP3 and alpha adrenergic receptors

DAG and beta adrenergic receptors

cAMP and alpha adrenergic receptors

4. Eating certain mushrooms can lead to constricted pupils, diarrhea, vomiting, hallucinations, and sweating, among other signs of poisoning. Agonism of which one of the following receptors is most often associated with these signs?

Niconitin acetylcholine receptor

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor

Alpha1 adrenergic receptor

Beta1 adrenergic receptor

Beta2 adrenergic receptor

5. When activated, certain receptors can cause vascular smooth muscle contraction leading to blood vessel constriction. This results in increased vascular resistance and blood pressure. Downstream of the receptor, a second messenger is responsible for more directly triggering vascular smooth muscle contraction. Which one of the following pairs of receptor and signaling molecule is most directly responsible for driving vascular smooth muscle contraction and increased blood pressure?

Nicotinic receptors and Na+

Muscarinic receptors and cAMP

Alpha1 adrenergic receptors and Ca++

Alpha2 receptors and K+

Beta1 receptors and cAMP

6. Increased Ca++ concentrations in cardiomyocytes during the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle is driven by activation of which one of the following receptors and the associated second messenger?

Alpha1 adrenergic receptors and cAMP

Beta1 adrenergic receptors and cAMP

Beta2 adrenergic receptors and IP3

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and DAG

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and Ca++

7. Sympathetic stimulation of juxtaglomerular cells is mediated via...

Alpha1 cholinergic receptors

Muscarinic adrenergic receptors

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Beta1 adrenergic receptors

Angiotensin II receptors

8. Benzedrine is a drug containing the racemic mixture of amphetamine, which is an equal parts mixture of levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. It was first marketed in 1933 as a decongestant in the United States in the form of inhalers. It was subsequently used for a wide variety of medical and military applications such as for weight loss or to prevent drowsiness. Benzedrine tablets gained considerable popularity as a recreational drug, being known colloquially as cross-tops or Bennies, to the degree that the drug is now listed as a controlled substance. Benzidrine has been immortalized in song by numerous artists including Elton John (Bennie and the Jets) and Tom Lehrer (Bright College Days). Benzedrine is an example of a...

Non-selective adrenomimetic agent

Non-selective cholinomimetic agent

Non-selective adrenolytic agent

Non-selective cholinomimetic agent

Muscarinic agonist

9. For thousands of years, human consumption of fungus (Claviceps purpurea)-contaminated rye grains has led to adverse effects. The symptoms are generally referred to as St. Anthony's Fire because of a group of European monks (the Hospital Brothers of St. Anthony) who became renowned for their attempts to alleviate the suffering of the afflicted. Ergot alkaloids produced by the fungus (e.g., ergotamine) are responsible for ergotism, a form of poisoning that results from sufficient exposure and includes signs/symptoms including burning of the limbs with consequent gangrene in some cases, hallucinations and attendant irrational behavior, convulsions, strong uterine contractions, nausea, seizures, high fever, vomiting, loss of muscle strength, unconsciousness, and even death. Ergot alkaloids have been employed for centuries as abortifacients. Agents of this type are classified as...

Non-selective adrenomimetics

Non-selective cholinomimetics

Beta adrenergic agonists

Alpha adrenergic agonists

Nicotinic antagonists

10. Propranolol is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. It is used to treat high blood pressure (although better drugs have since been developed for this), irregular heart rate, thyrotoxicosis, capillary hemangiomas, performance anxiety, essential tremors, and to prevent migraine headaches, among other ailments. Use of propranolol is also associated with a variety of common side effects. Propranolol was discovered in 1964 by British scientist James W. Black, a success for which he was later awarded the Nobel Prize. In a 1987 study by the International Conference of Symphony and Opera Musicians, 27% of interviewed members admitted to using propranolol or similar agents for musical performances. For about 10–16% of performers, their degree of stage fright is considered pathological. Propranolol is categorized as a...

Non-selective cholinomimetic agent

Nicotinic antagonist

Beta adrenergic antagonist

Beta-1 adrenergic antagonist

M2 muscarinic agonist

There are several hypotheses to explain why sexual reproduction has evolved. Can you propose a way to test your favorite hypothesis?

in 200 words , choose a condition where The digestive system area of the body is not functioning properly. Explain the effect on the body's nutrition.

1. What is the typical characteristic of patients at moderate risk for exercise participation (from the risk stratification criteria for patients with cardiovascular disease)?

a.) Absence of complicated ventricular dysrhythmias at rest.

b.) Presence of abnormal hemodynamics with exercise testing (e.g., severe postexercise hypotension)

c.) High level of silent ischemia during exercise testing

d.) Functional capacity <5 METs with exercise testing

2. _____ cerebral palsy is a type of cerebral palsy with damage to the basal ganglia with inability to control muscle tone, while____ cerebral palsy is with damage to cerebellar structure, which shows overall poor balance and coordination

a.) Dyskinetic, ataxic

b.)Dyskinetic, spastic

c.) Spastic, dyskinetic

d.) Spastic, ataxic

3. For in patient with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction, the aerobic exercise intensity can be set as RPE ______ on 6-20 scale, and for post surgery as resting HR +____.

a.) ≤11, +30 bpm

b.) ≤11, +20 bpm

c.) ≤13, +30 bpm