1. Giardia intestinalis and Trichomonas vaginalis are both eukaryotic organisms that lack mitochondria.
How is each transmitted?
What does each cause?
How does each organism obtain energy without mitochondria?

2. Taxonomic classification of both protozoa and algae is a little tricky… Why are protozoa and algae not just grouped in with animals or plants?

3.Why is schizogony (multiple fission) of a protozoan advantageous to the protozoan but disadvantageous to the host?

How does exercise effect your body? Provide 3 ways and fully explain.

What is Muscle fatigue? Grip Strength? How do they compare? What are some factors that effect both of them? Is grip strength the same for both hands?

1. Which is superior to the other?
   a. otic-cervical
   b. pelvic-plantar
   c. Gluteal-popliteal
   d. lumbar-olecranal

2. Which is lateral to the other?
   a. sternal-axillary
   b. gluteal-sacral
   c. acromial-cervical
   d. perineal-antebrachial

3. Which is proximal to the other?
   a. polled-metacarpal
   b. olecranal-palmar
   c. antecubital-acromial
   d. otic-orbit

Diagram and give a specific example of short-loop and long-loop negative feedback in endocrine regulation. Describe the differences in levels of each hormone in the pathway in response to a Primary hypersecretion defect, and to both types of Secondary hypersecretion defects (hypothalamic and pituitary).

** Integrative Question: Describe at least FIVE processes in neurons, myocytes (muscle cells skeletal, smooth, & cardiac), and secretory endocrine glands in which Calcium Ions (Ca++) function as important intracellular secondary messengers. Draw simple diagrams showing how calcium exerts its effect on cells in each of these cases (what cells and molecules does Ca++ act upon, and what is the result?).

1. Why patella is important for the patellofemoral joint complex?

2. Explain why the “core” is important when it comes to the stability of the upper and lower extremity?

1. Liver cirrhosis is a progressive disorder in which normal hepatocytes are replaced by scar tissue. This scarring damages blood vessels and can block blood flow through the liver. Patients with cirrhosis often present with ascites, an abnormal build-up of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. Explain why this might occur. What other organs could be affected?

Integrative Question: Compare and contrast the anatomies, neurotransmitters, receptors, and effects/ functions of the somatic, sympathetic, and parasympathetic NERVOUS systems. How does each affect the heart, peripheral circulation, nephron/renal circulation, GI tract, endocrine pancreas, and the smooth (bronchiole, arteriole) and skeletal muscles of the respiratory system? (Suggestion: make a TABLE)

Imagine a pulmonary embolus breaking up and entering the pulmonary artery supplying blood to an entire lobe of the left lung, blocking 75% of the pulmonary arterioles in that lobe. Describe the effects on the arterioles and bronchioles in this lobe in response to this event.

6. How does the mechanism by which diuresis occurs with diabetes insipidus differ from that which
occurs in diabetes mellitus?

8. What other conditions result in polyuria and polydipsia (pu/pd)?

9. What is ddavp and how is it administered?

Identify the components and general layout of the central nervous and peripheral nervous systems.

Describe the components and general function of the basal ganglia and limbic system, midbrain, and hindbrain.

Case Study #2

Part 1. Make a case study (written by medical professionals for medical professionals) using 10 words in list below.

1)     Chancre

2)     Coitus

3)     Potency

4)     Urethritis

5)     Vasectomy and/or Vasovasostomy

6)     Sterile and/or Sterilization

7)     Amenorrhea and/or Dysmenorrhea and/or Menorrhea

8)     Dyspareunia

9)     Hysterosalpingography

10)   Culdocentesis

11)    Menarche

12)   Menorrhagia

13)   Puerperium

14)   Anovulatory

15)   Gravida 1

Part 2. define the words listed within the context they are used in the case study you just made

Define all the words in the list above