Brain Functions

Electroencephalogram

1. The frequency of: alpha waves is ________, delta waves _______, theta waves _______, and beta waves_________.
2. Alpha waves are present during_________; delta waves are present during ________, beta waves are present during ________, and theta waves are present during

Sleep

1. The deepest stage of non-REM sleep is __________. REM sleep is also called _________. The EEG of REM is similar to the _________. The lightest sleep stage is _________. The ‘sleep chemical’ is _________. Sleep is triggered by the ________ and inhibited by the ________

Memory

1. A neuronal synapses that create memories are called _________. Memories that last for a life-time are called _________ and memories that fade after a few hours are called ________. Damage to the cerebrum may cause _________ which is the loss of long-term memory.   The inability to recall previous memories is called _________ and the inability to form new memories is called _______. The ________ is necessary to create long-term memories.

Language

1. The muscles used for speaking are controlled by _________. The meaning of words is processed by the _________. The ability to understand emotions in speech is controlled by ________ and the ability to convey emotions in speech is controlled by ________. Symptoms of fluent aphasia are ________; this is caused by _________. Symptoms of nonfluent aphasia are _________; this caused by _________

Autonomic Nervous System

1. Overview
   1. The ANS is the motor division for the control of __________. This system uses ________ pathway to its targets. The preganglionic neuron releases ___________ and the postganglionic neuron releases ________. The preganglionic neuron is __________(myelinated/unmyelinated) and the postganglionic neuron is ________ (myelineated/unmyelinated).
      
2. Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Division
   1. The preganglionic neurons travel through ____________. Most parasympathetic neurons travel through the ________ nerve. The sympathetic division uses ___________ spinal nerves.
   2. Although most organ receive dual innervations, some organs are only innervated by the ___________ division.
   3. The sympathetic division is controlled by the ____________ and the parasympathetic division is controlled by the ___________.
3. Effects
   1. The effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic activity on the following organs are
      1. Pupil diameter: S___________; P_________
      2. Heart rate: S___________; P_________
      3. Bronchiole: S___________; P_________
      4. Digestive tract: S___________; P_________
      5. Blood vessels: S___________; P_________
      6. Urine production: S___________; P_________
      7. Erection: S___________; P_________
      8. ejaculation: S___________; P_________

1. What are the functions of the spleen? If your spleen were removed [splenectomy], would you be able to fight off illness or infections effectively? Why or why not?

2. What is the role of the thymus in the human body?

3. If your tonsils are removed, how does your body develop an immune response against antigens in the throat?

4. The radical mastectomy is an operation in which a cancerous breast, surrounding tissues, and the underlying muscles of the anterior thoracic wall, plus the axillary lymph nodes, are removed. After such an operation, the arm usually swells, or becomes edematous, and is very uncomfortable -- sometimes for months. Why?

5. Could humans live without a lymphatic system? Explain why or why not.

6. Why do lymph nodes enlarge when you are sick?

Proper blood calcium levels are required for muscle contraction, nerve function, and other critical activities in the body. How does the body maintain homeostasis in response to decreased blood calcium levels? Discuss the main gland, hormone, and target of the hormone.

Describe the parts of a neuron. Explain how signals move through a neuron (include where they begin and where are they transmitted).

As lipids are transported into adipocytes, the adipocytes enlarge so that they can store more fat. Is this an example of hypertrophy or hyperplasia? Explain.

question is : translate all of the bold faced medical terms into simple language as if you are explaining it to a patient or to someone who may not understand medical terminology and incorporate these simple translations into your story.

Laura had just recently recovered from an automobile accident in which she incurred numerous injuries including greenstick fractures of her left femur, a slipped femoral capital epiphysis, subluxation of the pubic symphysis, chondromalacia patellae, and compound fractures of the tibia, fibula and calcaneus.
Fortunately for her, there was no tendinopathy or ligamentous sprain of the upper appendicular skeleton and she had excellent strength in shoulder adduction bilaterally. This helped her ambulate with her crutches.
Jim was anxious to meet Laura at the gym. They had shared many hours of rehabilitation and encouragement between them. Jim had been diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis and he was determined not to have kyphoscoliosis like his father. Jim was also an aspiring body builder who longed for hypertrophic skeletal uscles. Of course, this level of desire compounded with his exercise regimen and previous medical history produced osteoarthritic changes in the vertebral column with the development of exostoses that increased his kyphosis.

He was afraid of scoliosis occurring. There was no apparent exaggerated lordosis overall but there were signs of intervertebral disk herniations forming. While driving to the gym, Laura witnessed an automobile accident between an ambulance and a delivery truck. During the accident Laura experienced tachycardia. She could feel her own symptoms exacerbating and hoped that there was no possibility of a thrombus dislodging from her injuries caused by a deep vein thrombosis with the already critical situation. Laura had recently learned that she was anemic and hypovolemic and had been taking medications to help offset this condition.

Right now she was the “best” person to take charge and she had to determine what to do.

The driver of the ambulance was wearing a Medical Alert bracelet that read “anti-coagulants”. He was exsanguinating and yelled out to Laura that the box in the back of the rig contained a cardiac donor organ that was urgently needed across town at Mercy Hospital.

Laura, called Jim who had been expecting her and asked him if he could help her. Jim and Laura escorted the donor organ to Mercy Hospital. Actually it was a great idea to call Jim, since Laura was not ambulating well yet and Jim had great speed. When Jim met Laura, she was tachypneic and really needed assistance herself.

Her gait was virtually ataxic at this point due to weakness. Another ambulance came to rescue the injured parties.
Jim gave the donor organ to the cardiologist for typing and cross matching the tissue to offset the possibility of hemolysis and subsequent organ rejection and/or organ failure.

It was going to be given to a young father who following cardiac catheterization was diagnosed with 90% blockage in the right main coronary artery. His subsequent cerebrovascular angiogram was not just a screening tool.

He was experiencing amaurosis fugax and it was thought he may be showering emboli from his cardiac valves, possibly the mitral valve. Although neither Laura nor Jim actually ever made it to the gym to work out, they both felt that the day they themselves had already had an intense workout.

2) Draw an entire CVS pulsatile model without neural feedback. Indicate what each part of the model represents. By matching this model with the phases of the ECG signal, explain how the model works in terms of mechanical-electrical synchronization. (35P)

What features of the inguinal canal reduce the likelihood of herniation?

Conversely, what conditions predispose to the development of a hernia?

Thanks!

1. If glucose is phosphorylated upon entry, how does it get out of the epithelial cell?

2. Context: referring to the basic K+ and Na+ levels of a cell and how they move in and out of it. Both ions have a positive charge. K+ is more ubundant in the cell and Na+ is more outside. The inside of the cell is more naturally negative.

If K+ is going out while Na+ is coming into the cell, why does the membrane potential(Vm) become more positive?

1. Which of the following is a good example of homeostasis?

Write a paper in Urinalysis

What is urinalysis and why is it done. Then write a paragraph in each of the following tests that make a urinalysis

Leucocytes

Nitrate

Urobilinogen   

Protein

PH

Blood

Specific Gravity

Ketones

Bilirubin

Glucose

Your next patient is Luke, a boy with Down syndrome. Describe how you will prepare for this special needs patient, and identify what techniques you can use to make Luke feel more comfortable and have a positive experience.

What are the THREE types of muscle tissue found in the body? Which type is voluntary? Which type has cells connected to each other by intercalated discs? Which type is capable of cell division? What structure connects muscles to the bones they move? What do we call the layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire muscle? What is a motor unit? Define the following terms: 1) myofibril; 2) myosin; 3) actin; 4) sarcomere. What is the name of the protein that gives red muscle fibers their red color?

Give ONE example of a: long bone, short bone, flat bone, irregular bone, and sesamoid bone. What is a suture? What is a tubercle? What is the difference between a foramen and a fossa? How many total bones are normally present in humans? How many ribs? How many phalanges? Define true rib, false rib, and floating rib. What is the name of the largest bone in the body? Identify the BONE where the following features can be found: 1) foramen magnum; 2) sella turcica; 3) dens; 4) coracoid process; 5) greater tubercle; 6) trochlear notch; 7) xiphoid process; 8) iliac fossa; 9) lesser trochanter; 10) medial malleolus.

From a FUNCTIONAL standpoint, what are the THREE types of joints found in the body? Define a synovial joint. Give ONE (1) example of a: uniaxial joint, biaxial joint, and a multiaxial joint. Define the following terms: 1) flexion; 2) pronation; 3) protraction; 4) abduction. Identify FOUR (4) ligaments/tendons associated with the knee joint.