Hi. This is a question for my summer neuroscience class.

Q: What is fMRI? What does fMRI measure? What are some of the criteria used to evaluate the appropriateness of any imaging technique? What are some of the limitations of fMRI and PET? What are the controversies about interpreting levels of activation in fMRI tasks?

Hi. This is a question for my summer neuroscience class.

Q: What are some of the problems associated with relating neuronal activity and hemodynamic response?

Hi. This is a question for my summer neuroscience class.

Q: Why must we move on from the lesion-deficit tradition? Give at least 3 points.

Hi. This is a question for my summer neuroscience class.

Q: How many layers are there between the cortical surface and white matter? How do they differ? What are the four major components of the neuron?

5. During intense exercise (intensity > 75% VO2 max) elite athletes sometimes show a sharp decrease in their arterial PO2 level in a condition known as exercise-induced hypoxemia. What is an approximate reason for this?

a. What does equilibrium potential of a solute mean? (Explain in a few sentences)

b.What is the mathematical relationship among resistance to blood flow, length of the blood vessel, viscosity of blood and the radius of the blood vessel?

c. Comment on the relationship between resistance to blood flow and the radius of the blood vessel based on the above mathematical relationship.

d. Briefly describe five differences of cardiac and skeletal muscle.

1. Constantine’s Conundrum

Constantine is a 51-year-old university professor has never had any significant health issues. He exercises regularly, doesn’t smoke or drink alcohol, and keeps his weight within normal range. Recently, however, he’s been experiencing generalized weakness, frequent muscle cramps (tetanic contractions) and tingling in his fingers. On physical examination, he appeared healthy. However, his blood pressure was significantly elevated at 180/100, both in the supine and in the standing positions. His blood and urine analysis revealed the following:

1. Provide a tentative etiology (i.e. underlying pathology) that is consistent with all of Constantine’s blood and urine values. Refer to specific values above to support your answer (or to rule out other pathologies).

2. Explain the difference between a tetanic contraction and a muscle twitch. Why is Constantine susceptible to tetanic contractions in his current condition? Explain the underlying mechanism.

4. Wheezing Wynona

Wynona, a 62 year-old female, comes to the clinic complaining of fatigue and persistent shortness of breath, which becomes worse during exercise. She has a history of respiratory infections and has a chronic cough that is worse in the morning. She worked for 20 years in an automobile manufacturing plant and was laid off 5 years ago. Wynona has smoked cigarettes since he was a teenager and currently estimates smoking one pack of cigarettes a day.

8. [1 point] What would you expect Wynona’s Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) test results to reveal (i.e. serum pH, PCO₂, PO₂ and serum HCO₃^-)?

9. In the case of an exacerbation of her condition would providing Wynona with pure oxygen be recommended? Explain how such a pure oxygen treatment would affect her ABG values.

10. Certain long-acting Beta-adrenergic agonists used to treat COPD trigger bronchodilation by i) inhibiting myosin kinase and ii) blocking membrane Ca²⁺ channels in bronchiolar smooth muscle cells. Explain how each of these actions will promote relaxation in smooth muscle cells.

How does the rate of digestion differ between the macronutrients?

Case Study Team Discussion (Patient Case #5) - Case Study Team 8

From BIOL&242 DE 9772/9774

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Below are symptoms of a patient related to the Renal System. Each person needs to answer all of these and then reply substantially to their teammates. As a team you should come to a final conclusion on all 3 questions in regards to the Patient and the symptoms. *Only the people in your group/team can see your discussions. Based on the symptoms answer the following questions:

1. Identify all anatomical structures related to and/or that are being affected based on the patient case information. (i.e. tissues, organs, vessels, brain components, membranes)
2. Explain how the anatomical structures and their physiological function/dysfunction are interrelated normally and what is going wrong with the structures in this current patient case information.
3. Identify and explain possible a diagnosis and what can be done to fix or reverse the current situation described in the patient case information. Please be specific and detailed.

Patient Case (Initial Review): (More information may be coming on June 8th)

You are an ER Doc in a rural town and you just walked in to a room with a patient named Frank. Frank is in serious condition. Upon entering the room and performing a quick physical evaluation you identify the following physical symptoms:

• Cough
• Mucus
• Cyanosis
• Swollen Liver
• Edema
• sPO₂ of 70%

You ask for lab tests and get the following lab results:

• pH 7.32
• PaO₂ 35 mmHg
• PaCO₂ 80 mmHg
• HCO₃^- 40 mM

What would happen if you treated a long distance runner with a drug that prevented phosphate (Pi) from entering the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle? True or False ?

i. Maximum force would increase

ii. Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release would be unaffected
iii. Fatigue would slow
iv. The drug will have little effect because the runner is an endurance athlete

v. The drug would be much more effective if it also prevented lactic acid production

Describe 2 major challenges in skeletal muscle regeneration for muscular fibrosis. (3 mins)

The pH of the cytoplasm is very stable and the pH of the blood can be easily changed. What is the key difference in the stability of the pH in these two systems?