A healthy young boy has a systolic blood pressure of 130 mmHg and a Pulse pressure of 65 mmHg. This boy goes to the gym and starts to run on the treadmill. After the run, he has a diastolic blood pressure of 85 and a systolic blood pressure of 160. Please calculate the change of mean arterial pressure.

Pick one specific type of connective tissue and describe in detail its appearance/cellular components/matrix and state two locations and functions of that tissue type.

Describe at least 3 different plasma proteins and their contributions to homeostasis by describing their production and function.

What is metameric segmentation, and what are its advantages? 350 WORDS 10 MARKS

Describe ejaculation from the point of view of the sperm

1. After being produced in the endoplasmic reticulum, some proteins go on to the __________ where they may undergo final modifications before being packaged to be sent along to their final destination inside or outside of the cell.

2. The cell membrane allows some molecules, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass through, while preventing other molecules such as glucose and amino acids from passing through, this means cell membranes are ______________.

Endocrine System

Hormone Classes

1. Hormones can be chemically classified as _____________. __________ are water soluble and ________ are lipid soluble
2. Water soluble hormones bind to receptors ____________ which activate ___________. Lipid soluble hormones bind to ___________ and trigger ___________.
3. Hormones may interact ________________. Interactions in which the effect of one hormone depends on prior action of another hormone are called _________. _________ interactions have opposing effects and _________ interactions have amplifying effect

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

1. Hypothalamic hormones travel to the anterior pituitary through the ____________. TRH triggers the release of _________; CRH triggers the release of _______; GnRH triggers the release of _______; GHRH triggers the release of ________; dopamine inhibits the release of ________; somatostatin inhibits the release of ________.
2. ____________ and ___________ are made in the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary by the _______________.
3. Hormone Effects
   1. __________ stimulates ovarian follicular growth and _________ stimulates sperm cell production; _________ stimulates the release of thyroid hormone; __________ stimulates the release of cortisol; __________stimulates milk production; _________ stimulates growth of bones and muscles
   2. Oxytocin triggers ________________ and ADH stimulates ____________.

Thyroid and Parathyroid Gland

1. Calcitonin _________________ and parathyroid hormone __________ blood calcium
2. Thyroid hormone is secreted as ___________ but the active form is ___________.
3. TH ________ATP production, _______ adrenergic receptors, and _________ brain development
   

Adrenal Gland

1. The zona glomerulosa produces _________; the zona fasciculata produces __________ and the zona reticularis produces ________.
2. Cortisol stimulates _____________; aldosterone triggers ___________; androgens trigger __________

Pancreas

1. Beta cells produce __________, alpha cells produce __________ and delta cells produce __________.
2. ___________ decreases blood glucose and _________ increases blood glucose; _________ maintains blood glucose levels
3. Type 1 diabetes is caused by the ___________; it normal onsets _________. Type 2 diabetes is caused by ___________.

Find three diseases in humans where there is a metabolic defect that results in an inability to process or metabolize specific Carbohydrates Proteins or amino acids Fats (lipids) For each disease, explain the pathophysiology of the disease and the symptoms that an individual with the disease experiences.

Discuss the structural organization of lipoprotein particles such as HDL, LDL or VLDL. List all of the biomolecules found in each and describe their function in the particle. How does their structure facilitate the function of the particles? What does each do?

What is a quick description of the Achilles tendon reflex, naming the sensory neurons, motor neurons and muscles involved?

Skeletal Muscle System

Muscle Contraction

1. The phase of the sliding filament mechanisms are activation of myosin followed by __________; the last step is _______. The detachment phase requires ___________. The power stroke phase requires __________. A crossbridge is formed between _________. Calcium binds to ________ which is necessary for _________.
2. At the neuromuscular junction, __________ is released by the neuron; it binds to ________ on the muscle cell to eventually trigger ___________. Action potentials in skeletal muscle cells are needed _________.
3. During ___________ contractions, the muscle stays at the same length; During _________ contractions, the muscle shortens; the muscle lengthens during ________ contractions
4. Type 1 muscle fibers produce ATP ________ and fatigue ________; type 2a fibers produce ATP ________ and fatigue ________; type 2b fibers produce ATP __________ and fatigue _______.

Blood

1. Blood is made up ______ plasma and _______ formed elements. Plasma is mostly ________ with dissolved __________.  
2. __________ account for most of the formed elements. These cells transport ___________. RBCs are produced in the ________ in response to ________ that is produced in the ________ in response to _________
3. White blood cells are a part of the __________. The most common white blood cells are __________ and the least common are ________. ___________ kill bacteria; _________ produce antibodies; ______ fight parasites; ________ scavenge debris.
4. Your blood type is based on the _________ on the surface of the RBCs. There are _______ possible blood types. The two most common blood types are __________. The universal donor blood type is ________; the universal acceptor blood type is _______. The possible genotypes for A, B, AB, O blood are_________. Type AB+ blood has ___________ antigens and _______antibodies. Type O+ has ________antigens and _______antibodies. Type A- blood can be safely transfused to __________ recipients

Membrane Potential

1. The resting membrane potential of a neuron is _________.   The membrane potential changes when _________. A change in membrane potential to a more positive value is called __________ and a change to a more negative value is called _______.
2. Ions flow through _________ which are controlled by voltage and ________ which are controlled by _________.
3. Neurons communicate with other neurons and targets by generating _________. Ghe neuron generates an action potential only if it reaches a threshold voltage of _________. The phases of an action potentials are _________ which is caused by entry of sodium ions, _________ which is caused by _________, and hyperpolarization which is caused by ________.
4. Once generated, action potentials propagate towards the __________. Along the way, the size of the action potential (decreases/stays the same).
5. Neurons also generate __________ which are short-lived. These signals are necessary for bringing the neuron to its ___________

Events at the Synapse

1. The arrival of action potential at axon terminal triggers _________ which triggers the release of _______ which binds to __________ on the postsynaptic neuron. Ions will enter the postsynaptic neuron to generate local potentails called ________. These local potentials will __________ to generate another _________.

Neurotransmitters

1. The most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain is __________; and the most excitatory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord is ________. GABA generates ___________ in the _______ and glycine generates _________ in the _______. Other common neurotransmitters are _________ which is involved in mood disorders; _______ which is released by the parasympathetic nervous system; ________ which is released by the sympathetic nervous system.