Pick an athlete and conduct a series of tests appropriate for their sport. What tests did you conduct and what were the results? What do the results tell you about your athlete? what goals will you set for the next testing period?

Explain the difference between Upper Motor Neurons (UMN) and Lower Motor Neurons (LMN) in terms of their anatomical location and function; and (b) the difference in clinical symptoms that arise from damage or lesion to either UMNs or LMNs

What Happens in Lymphopoeisis in the embryo up until the lymphocyte maturation stage. Please give a detailed answer

Vinnie is a professional road cyclist participating in the 2020 Giro d’Italia, a three-week race nearly 3,600 km in distance with some stages exceeding altitudes of 2,700 m above sea level (i.e., Stelvio Pass, Italy). As the newly hired head of the high-performance team, it is your responsibility to manage his preparation for the event. You must demonstrate to your team a fundamental understanding of physiology, the chronic adaptations expected from his training, and methods that could be implemented to improve the likelihood of success.

1)Your first job was to schedule a VO₂max test for Vinnie to examine his aerobic fitness. After repeating the assessment several weeks later after an intensive training block, you notice that VO₂max has dropped, but there has been an increase in VT₂. Please discuss why VO₂max decreased and what impact both changes will have on performance?

2)Out of interest, you decide to measure Vinnie’s gross mechanical efficiency during cycling (i.e., the ratio of work accomplished to energy expended). You determine that he is 21.9% efficient. Please explain what efficiency is a measure of, where does this value sit within normal efficiency data and why you are unlikely to see values much higher (e.g., 50%)?

3)Within the alveoli, the partial pressure of O₂ is reduced from that measured in the outside air (160 mmHg) to approximately 105 mmHg.

1. What three factors contribute to this reduction in P_AO₂?

What values do you expect to observe in PO₂ and P_AO₂ when Vinnie is cycling at the peak of Stelvio Pass (barometric pressure = 543 mmHg)?

What impact would the change in P_AO₂ have on Vinnie’s performance?

4)

The longest leg of the race is 228 km, during which energy intake is critical. Glycolysis and β-oxidation are processes that break down carbohydrates (i.e., glucose, sucrose, fructose) and fatty acids, respectively.

1. Individually, what is the total ATP yield from one molecule of glucose and one molecule of palmitate?
2. How did you reach these numbers (i.e., substrate yield and use)?

Based on what you know about the yield and speed of these two pathways, do you recommend Vinnie ingest glucose or fatty acids during the race? (Hint, remember the cross-over concept)

5)

You recommend that Vinnie performs altitude training as part of his preparation for the race, a training approach that is novel to him.

1. What physiological changes would you expect in the short (i.e., acute), and long-term (i.e., chronic)?
2. How will the physiological changes influence performance in the short (i.e., acute), and long-term (i.e., chronic)?

6)

During a casual chat with a sport scientist from another team, they suggest preparing “finish bottles” for the longer legs of the race. Along with a dose of painkillers, a “finish bottle” typically contains an ergogenic dose of caffeine (i.e., approximately 3 to 5 mg·kg^-1 of bodyweight).

1. As a sympathetic nervous system stimulant, what acute physiological changes will likely occur following caffeine ingestion at these doses?

Additionally, caffeine has a mild effect at mobilising free fatty acids. Please describe what is meant by mobilisation, and how this may influence performance

7)

Given that the average distance of each leg is 170.5 km in distance, and sometimes undulating in elevation, you understand that fatigue is inevitable. The energy depletion model of fatigue focuses around the concept that depleted substrates are just one source of fatigue, particularly observed in muscle glycogen and phosphocreatine stores.

1. As an aerobic event, why do you expect depletion in glycogen and phosphocreatine?
2. Why, specifically, is it crucial to replenish muscle glycogen stores prior to the next leg?

8)

As the event is soon approaching, parts of Hungary are experiencing a heatwave. Indeed, temperatures may exceed 32° Celsius during the first leg of the race leaving Budapest.

1. Will the ambient temperature have any impact on Vinnie’s performance?

In terms of thermoregulation, what physiological changes are likely to occur during this leg of the race?

Briefly describe the role Dendritic cells play in bringing the virus to a lymph node.

List four key characteristics of the adaptive immune response

Match the common dermatologic term in Column I with the medical term in Column II.

What are the five special senses? Briefly describe each sense in your own words.

Select one the five special senses. What is one example of an injury or disorder that would affect this special sense? In what way would the special sense be affected?

Using your knowledge of the sensitivity and specificity for different imaging modalities, provide an estimate on the approximate time since onset ( talk about CT scans and MRI and Pet scan)

investigate the locations, structures, functions, hormones, and gland type for each of the glands. Primary Endocrine Organs Gland Name Hypothalamus Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Pancreas Secondary Endocrine Organs Gonads Kidneys Heart Thymus.