what is the of the muscle spindle in controlling muscle contraction

3.   Compare and contrast an action potential and a local post-synaptic potential in terms of where they occur on a neuron, the change in charge, how they propagate through a neuron. (3)

6.   What is an EPSP and IPSP? Provide a definition, not just spelling out the acronym. (2) Provide a specific example of how each can be generated in a neuron. (4)

8.   Imagine humans have a single hypothetical neuron that controls the decision to get out of bed. This neuron receives many inputs from other neurons; some generate EPSPs and some generate IPSPs. When this neuron fires an action potential, the person gets out of bed in the morning to start their day. Provide 5 different types of input that would generate EPSPs or IPSPs but ultimately result in a decision to get out of bed. For example: “A weak EPSP occurred when my dog licked my face, so I knew he needed to go for a walk.”

1. If you have a gallstone, how can does this affect lipid absorption?

2.which blood vessel will be regulated using myogenic or tubuloglomerular feedback?

3.would increasing concentration of active osmotic material with blood and decreasing capillary permeability increase glomerular filtration rate?

4. if a kidney stone stops urine from flowing out of kidneys, what happens to filtration pressure?

5.if juxtaglomerular apparatus could not send signals which regulation would not work tubuloglomerular or myogenic?

11. For the scenario below, decide which cranial nerves are being used.

Jane smelled fresh baked cookies coming from the kitchen. She didn’t want her mom to know she was having a cookie, so she quietly went into the kitchen and looked around the room for her mom. With her mom not around, she ate a cookie. Then she heard someone say, “Jane, how was the cookie?” Jane turned her head and there was her mom.

• When Jane turned her head and saw her mom what cranial nerve was used to turn her head?

• What cranial nerve did Jane use to smell the fresh baked cookies?

• What cranial nerve did Jane use to see her mom?

• What cranial nerve did Jane use to swallow the cookie?

Using a muscle found in the thigh region, describe the muscle's origin, insertion, and action. What joint(s) does the muscle cross over?

Using a muscle found in the pectoral girdle region, describe the muscle's origin, insertion, and action. What joint(s) does the muscle cross over?

Using specific examples found in the special senses, describe the difference between chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors. What stimuli do each respond to and how do they transduce this stimuli into an action potential?

What is Hypertension? Describe the four major causes of hypertension.

1- What nutritional considerations you advice the following patients to? Please mention any recommended supplements you advise him to take, with the explanations? (Please notice that your answer not to exceed 150 words for each disease, and list the reference you have used).

1-Parkinson’s Disease

2-Amylotrophic lateral sclerosis

3-Wernicke- Korsakoff Syndrome

4-Stroke

An impassioned astronaut, who is well aware of some "kidney problem", goes to the army base for a battery and a physical exam. You are asked to fast for twelve hours overnight and collect all of your urine in the morning. During the last hour period, your urine volume is 1200 ml and your urine osmolality is 60 mosm / I. Based on these observations, be the bus ticket to return home.

What could be "wrong" with your kidney that explains your inability to form concentrated urine?

Why did the space program reject it?