Please describe the flow of blood through the heart. Please include all structures over/through which blood would pass.

Differentiate neurologic and hormonal response to stress. please give the resources

how conversation can reflect the pragmatic components of speech production focusing on different examples. be sure to mention relevant research

Cells of the CNS and Basic Orientation

1.Question 1

Please respond to the following set of 9 questions by identifying the single BEST response item, not just a marginally correct choice, but the very BEST choice.

Of the following pairs of directional terms, which pairs contain terms that define PERPENDICULAR (orthogonal) directions when applied to the identified region of the central nervous system? Select all that apply.

1 point

in the brainstem, ventral & anterior

in the brainstem, superior & anterior

in the forebrain, superior & rostral

in the forebrain, dorsal & superior

in the brainstem, superior & rostral

in the spinal cord, rostral & anterior

in the spinal cord, anterior & dorsal

2.Question 2

What type of cell serves as a macrophage in the central nervous system?

1 point

neuron

oligodendrocyte

microglia

ependymal cell

astrocyte

3.Question 3

What type of cell makes myelin in the central nervous system?

1 point

Schwann cell

astrocyte

B cell

endothelial cell

oligodendrocyte

neuron

4.Question 4

What type of cell contributes to the blood-brain barrier in the central nervous system?

1 point

T cell

microglia

Schwann cell

endothelial cell

ependymal cell

oligodendrocyte

5.Question 5

What type of cell in the central nervous system plays an important role in the uptake and processing of neurotransmitters from synaptic clefts? Select all that apply.

1 point

ependymal cell

Schwann cell

neuron (at its presynaptic terminals)

T cell

oligodendrocyte

astrocyte

6.Question 6

Across different types of neurons, which metric of neuronal size varies the most in absolute magnitude (e.g., in cross-sectional diameter or total length)?

1 point

dendritic diameter

axonal diameter

numbers of primary dendrites

cell body volume

total axonal length

7.Question 7

What type of cell is recognized as the principal excitatory neuron of the cerebral cortex?

1 point

astrocyte

oligodendrocyte

interneuron

pyramidal neuron

glial stem cell

8.Question 8

What is the predominant type of glial cell that is found in white matter in the central nervous system?

1 point

astrocyte

Schwann cell

neuron

oligodendrocyte

ependymal cell

9.Question 9

What is the predominant type of glial cell that is found in gray matter in the central nervous system?

1 point

astrocyte

microglia

endothelial cell

neuron

oligodendrocyte

Describe the characteristics of color blindness, including what it is, who tends to be affected, and the neural bases for it. Please write 400-500 words

Bacterial infection in the ureter may cause dizziness if the infection is left untreated. Explain pathophysiological mechanisms of how the infection can lead to dizziness

1) Class II MHC molecules are found on which of the following?

liver cells and macrophages in the spleen

granulocytes and microphages

red blood cells

lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

all body cells with a nucleus

2) Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except

heat of the inflamed tissue.

swelling of the inflamed tissue.

movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space.

chemotaxis of phagocytes.

redness of the inflamed tissue.

3) Which of the following is not a secondary lymphoid tissue or organ?

spleen

tonsils

MALT

lymph nodes

thymus

3) All of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity except that

circulating antibodies undergo a gradual, sustained rise.

it depends on memory B cells.

it requires B cell differentiation into plasma cells.

it depends on antigen triggering the appropriate B cell.

it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure.

4) The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. What is the correct sequence for these steps?
1. Several cycles of mitosis occur.
2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage.
3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection.
4. T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen.
5. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells.
6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin.

Geoffrey’s cardiovascular function improves, and he starts following a healthier lifestyle. After a couple of years, his daughter takes him to the hospital for a surgical procedure requiring mechanical.ventilation. To facilitate this, his doctor plans to use a non-depolarising neuromuscular blocker, with an appropriate reversal agent thereafter. The surgery goes well, however, Geoffrey experiences facial flushing, and starts complaining of breathing difficulties thereafter. His doctor diagnoses him with non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema due to the reversal agent, and decides to use furosemide to treat it. Based on the procedure and clinical outcomes, i) suggest which non-depolarising neuromuscular blocker was used and explain your reasoning, ii) explain how the non-depolarising neuromuscular blocker would facilitate mechanical ventilation by referring to physiological processes, iii) explain whether the reversal agent may cause peripheral or central side effects with at least one associated side effect other than already mentioned, and iv) explain how furosemide would treat his pulmonary oedema.  

How do FSH, LH, estradiol and androgens interact with one another to produce accelerated follicular growth in the final stage of follicular development?

Your answer should reference the synthesis of steroid hormone levels as well as changes in the numbers of thecal and granulosa cells.

Describe the order of events in the activation of steroid hormone receptors. Start with the hormones that are in the circulatory system and end with a change in activity in the nucleus.

1. Explain how the release of FSH is regulated by negative feedback. Be sure to include all the hormones that are involved and how they affect the release of FSH.

1) List the two major types of glands and describe the function of each type of gland.

2)Draw a negative feedback diagram showing the activity of Parathyroid Hormone   
    (PTH) on calcium balance in the blood. Within the diagram, remember to show the
    basic components of a feedback loop!  

3). State and explain the processes involved in the expression of a gene in a DNA
    molecule as a protein product.

4) State the role of the following cellular organelles/parts/regions: (3 points)
a. Rough endoplasmic reticulum



b. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum



c. Chromatin
     

5. Identify the following molecules. For a, name the reaction links molecules of this type
    together?  For b, name the chemical the molecule is derived from. (4 points)

a.                       b.

6.  List two ways that cardiac muscle differs from skeletal muscle. (2 points)

7. Explain the principle of osmosis. (2 points)

Directions: For each of the following exercises write the type of contraction (concentric, eccentric, or isometric) occurring in each muscle group (quadriceps and hamstrings). If no contraction occurs, write “none.” In some instances you may have more than one type of contraction in the same muscle groups throughout various portions of the exercises. If so, list them in the order of occurrence.

Explain what effect a lack of functional androgen receptors would have on the development of the reproductive system of a chromosomally XY fetus.

Assume sry is present. Your answer should address the development of the gonads, internal reproductive system and genitalia.