How do FSH, LH, estradiol and androgens interact with one another to produce accelerated follicular growth in the final stage of follicular development?

Your answer should reference the synthesis of steroid hormone levels as well as changes in the numbers of thecal and granulosa cells.

Describe the order of events in the activation of steroid hormone receptors. Start with the hormones that are in the circulatory system and end with a change in activity in the nucleus.

1. Explain how the release of FSH is regulated by negative feedback. Be sure to include all the hormones that are involved and how they affect the release of FSH.

1) List the two major types of glands and describe the function of each type of gland.

2)Draw a negative feedback diagram showing the activity of Parathyroid Hormone   
    (PTH) on calcium balance in the blood. Within the diagram, remember to show the
    basic components of a feedback loop!  

3). State and explain the processes involved in the expression of a gene in a DNA
    molecule as a protein product.

4) State the role of the following cellular organelles/parts/regions: (3 points)
a. Rough endoplasmic reticulum



b. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum



c. Chromatin
     

5. Identify the following molecules. For a, name the reaction links molecules of this type
    together?  For b, name the chemical the molecule is derived from. (4 points)

a.                       b.

6.  List two ways that cardiac muscle differs from skeletal muscle. (2 points)

7. Explain the principle of osmosis. (2 points)

Directions: For each of the following exercises write the type of contraction (concentric, eccentric, or isometric) occurring in each muscle group (quadriceps and hamstrings). If no contraction occurs, write “none.” In some instances you may have more than one type of contraction in the same muscle groups throughout various portions of the exercises. If so, list them in the order of occurrence.

Explain what effect a lack of functional androgen receptors would have on the development of the reproductive system of a chromosomally XY fetus.

Assume sry is present. Your answer should address the development of the gonads, internal reproductive system and genitalia.

1. What are the six essential nutrients provided by the diet?

2. The nutrients in foods perform functions in the body, what are they and briefly describe the nutrients (from above) involved in these functions?

3. What are the two forms of malnutrition? Briefly describe each. Do you think one form is worse than the other? Why? (2-3 sentences)

4. What are the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) and what four nutrient recommendations categories are part of them?                                                             

5. MyPlate is a food guidance system developed by the US Department of Agriculture. Our text has the tip sheet “10 tips to a great plate.” What two tips do feel are most important? Why? (2-3 sentences)

6. What is a monosaccharide? Name the 3 monosaccharides and where each is found in food.

7. What is a disaccharide? Name the 3 disaccharides important to human nutrition and where each is found in food.

8. What is a polysaccharide? Name the 3 polysaccharides important to human nutrition and one unique thing about each.

9. What is the adequate intake for fiber for both men and women (ages 19 to 50)? According to our textbook, a diet rich in whole grains, vegetables, and fruits (therefore fiber) has what 5 health benefits?

10. With the aid of enzymes, carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth and ends in the small intestine. What is an enzyme? What are the five major enzymes used and where do they come from?                                                        

11. What is the Dietary Reference Intake for carbohydrates? If a person consumed an 1800 calorie diet, how many calories should come from carbohydrates per day? Now convert these calories to grams per day. Show your work. (Hint these are ranges)

12. Describe lactose intolerance. What are the symptoms? What enzyme is missing? What foods need to be avoided? Who is at greatest risk?                              

13. There are two classifications for fat. What are they? How are they structurally different? In general, what does each look like at room temperature?

14. Properly label the following as either a monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, saturated, or trans-fatty acid. If there is more than one choice, use the most common or obvious.
    1. Eggs
    2. Olive oil   
    3. Nuts            
    4. Coconut       
    5. Ground beef
    6. Soybean     

15. What is a lipoprotein made of? What makes it a higher density lipoprotein (HDL)? What is its function?                                                                                          

16. Most digestion of fat occurs in the small intestine. Name the 4 agents found there, indicate where they come from, and describe what they do?

17. What is the Dietary Reference Intake for fat and saturated fat? If one was consuming an 1800 calorie diet, what is the maximum amount of total fat in grams they should have per day? What is the maximum amount of saturated fat in grams they should have?

18. What are the building blocks of protein? How many are vital to life and health? What nutrient is unique to protein (not found in carbohydrates or fats)?

19. Define complete and incomplete protein foods. What are complementary proteins? Give an example of two complementary proteins.  

20. What 3 agents in protein digestion are found in the stomach? What do they do?

21. What is the Dietary Reference Intake for protein? If a person consumed an 1800 calorie diet, how many grams of protein this per day? Show your work. (Hint these are ranges). What is the RDA for protein? Using this value, calculate the RDA for a 220 lb. person.                                                                               

22. According to our textbook, what are the problems associated with a high protein diet? How does this type of diet help with weight loss? Is this type of diet superior to other methods of weight loss?                           

23. Correctly classify each food as a carbohydrate, protein, or fat. (worth 3 points)

Discuss homeostasis within the context of positive and negative feedback. What type of feedback is predominantly used? Why? Be able to give examples of both types of feedback.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION:

Vinnie is a professional road cyclist participating in the 2020 Giro d’Italia, a three-week race nearly 3,600 km in distance with some stages exceeding altitudes of 2,700 m above sea level (i.e., Stelvio Pass, Italy). As the newly hired head of the high-performance team, it is your responsibility to manage his preparation for the event. You must demonstrate to your team a fundamental understanding of physiology, the chronic adaptations expected from his training, and methods that could be implemented to improve the likelihood of success.

QUESTION:

Your first job was to schedule a VO₂max test for Vinnie to examine his aerobic fitness. After repeating the assessment several weeks later after an intensive training block, you notice that VO₂max has dropped, but there has been an increase in VT₂. Please discuss why VO₂max decreased and what impact both changes will have on performance?

Discuss the physiology of balance

What is the effect of low progesterone levels in females who are trying to concieve

2.What are hormones?

3.Most hormones circulate in blood and come into contact with essentially all cells. However, a specific hormone usually affects only a limited number of cells called _____________________________which contain receptors for that hormone. When hormones bind to receptors, it triggers a cascade of reactions within the cell that affects function.4.Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream while exocrine glands release secretions through ducts into cavities or body surfaces. Some endocrine glands have other functions beyond hormone production and secretion. These organs are called mixed glands, because they have both endocrine and exocrine functions. For example:In addition to hormone production, the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestines. Consider the other endocrine glands and list glands that would be considered mixed based on the above criteria. __________________________

5.Richard has symptoms of excessive hormone production of the parathyroid gland. The doctor is certain there is a tumor on the gland. Yet, when surgery was performed on his neck, the surgeon could not find the parathyroid gland at all. Where should the surgeon look to find the tumor on the parathyroid gland? ______________________________________________

Inflammatory chemicals cause arterioles to ________________ and increased capillary ___________________________. The group of 20 plasma proteins that are part of the 2nd and 3rd lines of defense is called _________________________ and it assists in destroying foreign substances. ___________________ are specialized lymphatic vessels that absorb fat. The ______________, a primary lymphoid organ, is the site for differentiation of lymphocytes into mature T cells. It ___________ as we age. In humoral immunity, specific B cells called ______________ cells secrete ______________, which bind to antigens. ____________ immunity is directed against pathogens in the extracellular fluid. This immunity involves ____ lymphocytes. ______________ immunity is directed against pathogens within the cells. This immunity involves ____ lymphocytes. NK cells kill like ______________ T cells; direct contact with a target cell causes it to undergo ______________, a form of cellular suicide. ___________________ occurs in the arm after axillary lymph node removal in a mastectomy.

In 200 words or more, describe the similarities and differences between neurotransmitters and hormones.

_________________ lymph nodes are located in the arm pit.

_________________ lymph nodes are located in the neck.

_________________ lymph nodes are located in the groin.

All lymph vessels are eventually going to empty into the __________   lymphatic duct and the ___________________ duct.

The thoracic duct begins at the sac called ______________________ (two words)

The nonspecific defense system is called ___________________________ immunity.

The specific defense system is called ______________________________ immunity.

Skin and mucous membranes are part of the _______________________ line of defense.

HCl in the stomach is part of the _______________________ line of defense

Inflammation and fever are part of the _____________________line of defense