1) A mother takes her son to the doctor and describes the following symptoms that she has observed. The child is running a fever, has flu-like symptoms, and his lymph glands are very swollen and sore to the touch. Of what significance are the swollen and sore lymph glands?

2) A woman had a mastectomy that included the removal of axillary lymph nodes on her left side. What does she risk regarding her left arm and why?

3) A man involved in a traffic accident is rushed to the emergency room of a hospital with severe internal bleeding. Examination reveals a ruptured spleen. What is the treatment of choice and what is the likely long-term outcome (prognosis)?

4) While passing through a village on safari you notice a man with one enormous leg and one normal-sized leg. What could have caused the increased size of the swollen leg?

5) Lymphedema may occur as a complication after a radical mastectomy, in which lymph nodes have been removed. Explain why it might occur.

6) A nurse palpated enlarged lymph nodes. Describe signs and symptoms that help to distinguish cancerous lymph nodes from infected lymph nodes.

7) Describe why the prognosis of cancer is best when there is no detectable spread from the region of the primary tumor to the lymph nodes.

8) As the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) progresses, some individuals develop persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (any disease of the lymph nodes). Explain why this may occur.

9) A 36-year-old man enters the hospital in an extremely debilitated condition. He has purple-brown skin lesions (a symptom of Kaposi's sarcoma) and a persistent cough. A physical examination reveals swollen lymph nodes, and laboratory tests find a very low lymphocyte count. Information taken during the personal history reveals that he has multiple sex partners with whom he frequently engages in unprotected sex. What is likely to be the man's problem and what is his outlook?

10) A young girl requires a liver transplant due to failure of her liver to function. What is required for her to have a good prognosis and why?

11) A woman comes into the hospital emergency room complaining that she is having problems swallowing and her neck is swelling. She has a history of radiation treatment to her neck as a child for acne. What could be the problem?

12) Max is bitten by a rattlesnake while on a camping trip. His friends immediately apply ice packs to the bitten area to slow the spread of the protein-based toxin; they then rush him to an emergency facility. What treatment would be given and why?

13) A physician orders Tylenol for a temperature greater than 101 degrees F. The patient's temperature is 100.4 F. Explain the rationale for not medicating a fever of 100.4 F.

14) Nursing care of a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) includes monitoring of T lymphocyte counts. Explain why.

15) After receiving penicillin intravenously, a 32-year-old male patient has an anaphylactic reaction. The nurse understands that therapeutic management includes what critical items?

16) When the white blood cell count is depressed, the classic signs of infection such as redness, heat, and swelling are not manifested. In this case, the nurse should avoid administering aspirin. Explain why.

Choose one of the following examples relating to the use of ethical analysis: budgets for family planning programs, restrictions on using embryonic stem cells for medical research, profiling in airport security screening, or an opting-in system for organ donation. How would you apply ethical analysis to clarify the policy choices involved in that case?

1) An older man sees his doctor for severe pain in his lower abdominal or flank area, elevated temperature, and nausea. Exhaustive tests rule out abdominal obstructions and infections. Plain X-rays indicate a radiopaque (whitish) spot in the area of his right ureter. Diagnose his problem. Give suggested treatment and prognosis.

2) What clinical effects would low blood pressure have on the kidneys of a burn patient?

3) Eleven-year-old Harry is complaining of a severe sore throat and gets to stay home from school. His pediatrician prescribes a course of broad-spectrum antibiotics, and Harry feels much better within a few days. However, some two weeks later, Harry has a dull, bilateral pain in his lower back and his urine is a smoky brown color. On the basis of Harry's signs and symptoms, diagnose his condition and indicate the relationship (if any) between his present condition and his earlier sore throat.

4) Ellen, a 47-year-old woman who has suffered kidney disease for several years, has been diagnosed with proteinuria. Her legs and feet are so swollen that she has difficulty walking. Her hands and her left arm are also swollen. What is proteinuria, and could this condition be playing a role in her swollen limbs?

5) Rachael has been complaining of frequent and burning urination. She also reported seeing some blood in her urine. Her physician suspects cystitis. What is cystitis, and how can it cause these symptoms?

6) An 18 year old patient has a complaint of painful urination, fever, chills, and back pain. This is her second urinary tract infection (UTI) within 5 months. How can the RN instruct the patient on prevention of another UTI?

7) A 58-year-old woman complains of loss of urine when coughing and sneezing, and during exercise. She has had three children. Describe the possible causes of urinary incontinence in this patient.

8) Explain how an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) such as captopril would be effective as an antihypertensive.

Which of the following receptors are present on the heart?

-How does the body respond to blood loss? (hormones, nervous system, cardiac output and contractility, heart rate, blood vessels) What causes death from hemorrhagic shock?

Topic: Cervical arterial dysfunction

Q1) make Diagnostic investigations such as : imaging, lab tests etc. that ate employed to make the diagnosis of cervical arterial dysfunction and the expected result of these investigations.

Q)2 what is the Medical management used to manage cervical arterial dysfunction eg: medication or surgery.

Using a piece of meat as an example, explain how proteins that are eaten are assimilated into the blood. Your answer should include mechanical reduction in particle size, digestion and absorption.
in an essay

Make a schematic diagram on the activation of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system.

-Choose One Vitamin and One Mineral (Marco or Trace) and explain How its Function (s) in the Body?

(Please notice that your answer not to exceed 200 words for each point).

Mention (1) Example of Fat-Soluble Vitamin and (1) Example of Water- Soluble Vitamin and Differentiate between both of them?

(Please notice that your answer not to exceed 300 words about each).

68) The insular lobe of the brain performs _____________ functions.

A) vision perception            B) speech            C) gustatory            D) higher executive/decision

70) A neurotransmitter, _________________, is the main chemical signal found at a neuromuscular junction.

A) dopamine               B) calcium               C) acetylcholine               D) acetylcholinesterase

73) The most powerful muscle in the body is the ________.

A) quadriceps femoris        B) rectus abdominis        C) gastrocnemius        D) gluteus maximus

78) The signal on the membrane of a neuron’s dendrites and cell body is called a(n) ________________.

A) action potential            B) neurotransmitter            C) graded potential            D) ligand

79) Isotonic contraction describes a muscle _____________ and _______________.

A) contracting; shortening               B) not contracting; shortening

C) not contracting; not shortening               D) contracting; not shortening

81) If ____________ and _____________ are absent or depleted, there will be no muscle contraction.

A) calcium; dopamine               B) acetylcholine; acetylcholinesterase    

C) ATP; acetylcholinesterase               D) calcium; ATP

83) Muscles with a very high stimulus frequency that reach a maximum tension are described as being in a _______________ state.

A) sub-threshold               B) fused (complete) tetanus               C) fused (incomplete) tetanus               D) twitch

84) A constant, slightly contracted state of all muscles is called muscle ______________.

A) tone               B) twitch               C) summation               D) relaxation

91) The neurotransmitter concentration in the synaptic cleft must be tightly regulated for neurons to function properly. Which of the following glial cells is most responsible for this regulation?

A) microglia             B) astrocytes             C) Schwann cells             D) oligodendrocytes

93) Saltatory conduction of an action potential is made possible by ________.

A) the myelin sheath                B) large nerve fibers

C) diphasic impulses                D) erratic transmission of nerve impulses

Mrs. Debbie Morgan is a 45-year-old female who works as a stocking clerk for a local home improvement store. While she was at work today a large box of metal rivets fell from a 20-ft.-high overhead shelf, striking her outstretched arm and knocking her to the ground. The ambulance personnel reported that she had lost quite a bit of blood at the accident scene and was “knocked out” when they arrived. To minimize further hemorrhage, the paramedics applied a pressure bandage to her arm.

You meet the paramedics as they bring Mrs. Morgan into the emergency room and begin to assess her for injuries. She is awake and alert, but complaining of severe left arm and back pain, plus she has a “killer headache.” To fully examine her injuries you remove four blood-soaked bandages from her arm. You notice a large open wound on her arm with what appears to be bone tissue sticking out of the skin. She also has bruises covering her left shoulder, left wrist, and lower back. To determine the extent of her injuries Mrs. Morgan undergoes several x-rays, which reveal the following:

1) fracture of the left humerus at the proximal diaphysis,

2) depressed fracture of the occipital bone,

3) fracture of the 3rd lumbar vertebral body.

Short Answer Questions

Define the following terms, used in the case and also in associated questions (1 point each):

1. hemorrhage
2. fracture
3. proximal
4. diaphysis

2. One way bones are classified is by their shape. How would you classify the bones fractured by Mrs. Morgan (3 points)?

3. The body of Mrs. Morgan’s vertebra is fractured. What type of bone tissue makes up the majority of the vertebral body (1 point)? Describe the structure and function of this type of bone (2 points).

4. The diaphysis of Mrs. Morgan’s humerus is fractured. What type of bone tissue makes up the majority of the diaphysis of long bones like the humerus (1 point)? List and describe/define the layers (lamellae) of bone tissue found here (3 points).

5. Most connective tissue, including bone, is highly vascular. Which anatomical structures in Mrs. Morgan’s compact bone house blood vessels (2 points)? What sign or symptom in Mrs. Morgan’s case is directly related to disruption of these structures by her bone fractures (1 point)? How is the sign or symptom related to these anatomical structures (1 point)?

6. Within days after a fracture, a “soft callus” of fibrocartilage forms. What fibers are found in this type of cartilage (1 point)? Identify the cells required for fibrocartilaginous callus formation and list their functions (2 points).

7. As a fracture is repaired, new bone is added to the injury site. What term is used to describe the addition of new bone tissue (1 point)? Identify which bone cell is responsible for this process (1 point)and explain how it occurs (2 points).

8. In the final stage of bone repair, some of the osseous tissue must be broken down and removed. What term is used to define the breaking down of osseous tissue (1 point)? Which bone cell would be best suited for this task (1 point)?

9. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of bone is considered to be a composite material made up of organic and inorganic matter. What makes up the organic and inorganic portions of the matrix (2 points)? Describe the cellular mechanism involved in breaking down this matrix; include the bone cell required for the process (2 points).