Question

Write a paper in Urinalysis

What is urinalysis and why is it done. Then write a paragraph in each of the following tests that make a urinalysis

Leucocytes

Nitrate

Urobilinogen   

Protein

PH

Blood

Specific Gravity

Ketones

Bilirubin

Glucose

Answer 1

Urinalysis is the laboratory test which examines the urine sample for its physical, chemical and microscopic composition.
Urinalysis is performed pathologies of renal system, metabolic disorders and liver diseases. Urinalysis also help detect metabolic disorders.
Urine is examined for various presence of ions, blood cells, casts and crystals.
Specific gravity : specific gravity of urine is determined by the number of molecules present in the urine which are excreted by the kidneys. Specific gravity ranges from 1.003 - 1.030 g/cc. Specific gravity increases in diseases such as UTI, glucosuria, dehydration and decreases in case of renal diseases, diabetes insipidus.
Blood : Blood in urine is known as hematuria. The red blood cells are usually absent in urine of healthy individual. Presence of blood in urine indicates an underlying pathology. The RBC in urine are seen in diseases such as UTI, acute renal injury, glomerulonephritis.
Urine ph : The urine is acidic and has a ph of 5-7. An increase in urine ph may be due to increased excretion of bicarbonate and decrease in ph may be due increased excretion of H+ ions. The urine ph may increase or decrease in case of acidosis or alkalosis.
Leucocytes : leucocytes or wbc present in urine is suggestive of infection of urinary tract.
Glucose : presence of glucose in urine is known as glucosuria. It is seen in conditions such as diabetes mellitus.
Nitrates : nitrates in urine are present due to bacteria that release nitrates in the urine.
Urobilinogen: excess ampunt of urobilinogen in urine is suggestive of liver disease.
Bilirubin : a small amount of bilirubin is excreted in urine. But an excess of bilirubin indicates liver diseases such as hepatitis