Question

From a FUNCTIONAL standpoint, what are the THREE types of joints found in the body? Define a synovial joint. Give ONE (1) example of a: uniaxial joint, biaxial joint, and a multiaxial joint. Define the following terms: 1) flexion; 2) pronation; 3) protraction; 4) abduction. Identify FOUR (4) ligaments/tendons associated with the knee joint.

Answer 1

From a functional stand point, three tyoes of joints are:synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses. Synarthroses are immovable joints found in sutures, gomphoses, and synchondroses. Slightly movable cartilaginous joint is an amphiarthrosis. Diarthroses are freely movable joints found in synovial joints of knees, elbows, and shoulders.

Synovialjoints is a type of joint which contain special layer of cells synovial membrane around the the joint capsule and produces the synovial fluid. They usually found between bones that move against each other like shoulder, hip, elbow and knee.

Examples:

Uniaxial - Permits motion in a single plane. Example: elboe joint.

Biaxial - two principal axes of movement situated at right angles to each other . Example: metacarpophalangeal joint .

Multiaxial- allow movements along three planes or axes . Example: hip and shoulder joint.

Define:

1) flexion -action of bending or beniding of joint.

2) pronation- side by side movement of the foot while walk or run.

3) protraction- Extension or extending the limb.

4) abduction- movement of limb away from the midline of the body.

Ligaments of knee:

Major ligaments of knee are: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL); Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL); Medial collateral ligament (MCL); Lateral collateral ligament (LCL) and patellar ligament.