After being shot multiple times while robbing the Circle K, Thelma is losing a lot of blood. What would be the impact on her stroke volume, heart rate and mean arterial pressure?

Due to a congenital defect in his pulmonary circuit, Alphonse experiences increasing right ventricular failure as a result of obstructed pulmonary circulation. What would be the impact on her stroke volume, heart rate and mean arterial pressure?

A product is secreted by an exocrine organ. This means that:

(a) it is produced by endocrine cells

(b) is secreted into a duct

(c) is expressed/released onto a surface

(d) utilize blood and/or lymph circulation for dispersion

answer b & c

answer a & d

For a project where you were asked to regenerate an organ, which of the following stem cell types would you choose for the greatest success if you could only choose one?

totipotent

multipotent

pluripotent

undifferentiated

One day GB reports to you for exercise and when taking his resting blood pressure and pulse note his blood pressure is 118/64, his pulse rate is 150 and highly irregular.  GB indicates he has felt very weak and tired lately almost didn’t show up to exercise.   You refer him to his physician who obtains an ECG and determines he has atrial fibrillation.

1. What physiological mechanisms caused GB’s pulse rate to be high and irregular and his blood pressure low?

2. What specifically, about atrial fibrillation makes the patient feel very weak and tired?

The physician prescribes dofetilide to try to convert GB back to sinus rhythm.  

3. What is meant by “sinus rhythm”? Any cardiac rhythm in which depolarization of the cardiac muscle begins at the sinus node. Characterized by the presence of correctly oriented P waves on an ECG.

4. What type of drug is dofetilide and what is the mechanism of action to convert atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm.

The physician is unsuccessful at converting  GB back to sinus rhythm with the drug so he his placed on chronic therapy of metoprolol and warfarin.

5. What types of drugs are metoprolol and warfarin and what is the specific mechanism of action used to help treat patients with atrial fibrillation?

6. What are specific things to keep in mind when safely prescribing and monitoring exercise for GB?

Terri has diabetes mellitus and, as a side effect, has developed ketoacidosis. The ketones are making Terri’s blood too acidic (decreasing the pH of her blood). Chemoreceptors in Terri’s medulla oblongata (part of the brain stem) detect this change and send an electrical message to her respiratory system. Terri will start to breath faster, increasing the release of more CO₂ than normal. Since CO₂ forms an acid in the blood, releasing more CO₂ will bring the blood pH back to normal.

What is the stimulus in this situation?

• low blood pH (blood too acidic)

• breathing faster

• chemoreceptors

• respiratory system

• medulla oblongata

Terri has diabetes mellitus and, as a side effect, has developed ketoacidosis. The ketones are making Terri’s blood too acidic (decreasing the pH of her blood). Chemoreceptors in Terri’s medulla oblongata (part of the brain stem) detect this change and send an electrical message to her respiratory system. Terri will start to breath faster, increasing the release of more CO₂ than normal. Since CO₂ forms an acid in the blood, releasing more CO₂ will bring the blood pH back to normal.

What is the receptor in this situation?

• low blood pH (blood too acidic)

• medulla oblongata

• chemoreceptors

• respiratory system

• breathing faster

Terri has diabetes mellitus and, as a side effect, has developed ketoacidosis. The ketones are making Terri’s blood too acidic (decreasing the pH of her blood). Chemoreceptors in Terri’s medulla oblongata (part of the brain stem) detect this change and send an electrical message to her respiratory system. Terri will start to breath faster, increasing the release of more CO₂ than normal. Since CO₂ forms an acid in the blood, releasing more CO₂ will bring the blood pH back to normal.

What is the control center in this situation?

• respiratory system

• breathing faster

• low blood pH (blood too acidic)

• medulla oblongata

• chemoreceptors

Terri has diabetes mellitus and, as a side effect, has developed ketoacidosis. The ketones are making Terri’s blood too acidic (decreasing the pH of her blood). Chemoreceptors in Terri’s medulla oblongata (part of the brain stem) detect this change and send an electrical message to her respiratory system. Terri will start to breath faster, increasing the release of more CO₂ than normal. Since CO₂ forms an acid in the blood, releasing more CO₂ will bring the blood pH back to normal.

What is the response of the effector in this situation?

• medulla oblongata

• chemoreceptors

• breathing faster

• low blood pH (blood too acidic)

• respiratory system

Identify each type of muscle cell, their functions, locations, and describe how they look under microscope.

If muscle fiber concentration is all-or-none, how is graded muscular activity possible?

Considering the normal functions of the liver, describe how 3 of the functions would present in an abnormal manner

Discuss one factor that influences resting metabolic rate in humans. Please just discuss one factor that affects RMR. I want some depth to the content without going into details about lifestyle changes (that will be up to your peers to discuss in their replies).

Link: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dont-blame-your-metabolism/

1. If you measured someone and they had an extremely large navicular drop what muscles could help support their arch? What exercises could you give them to help strengthen those particular muscles? (Please answer both parts)

• Choose two organelles, describe their structure and function, and explain the functional relationship between the two organelles.

A patient with Duchenne muscular dystrophy presents with fibrosis, where some of the contractile muscle fibers are replaced with scar tissue, although the nervous system and neuromuscular junction are not altered. In this patient the sarcomere length, muscle belly length, and fiber type distribution are equivalent to a control subject.

A. What would be the predicted change in maximum isometric force and maximum unloaded shortening velocity compared to a control subject. Describe using terms of muscle architecture (sarcomere arrangement- parallel and series).

B. this patient the muscle is only able to produce 200 N of maximum isometric force. The bicep tendon inserts 5 cm from the elbow axis of rotation and the wrist is 50 cm from the axis of rotation of the elbow. When the elbow is bent at 90˚, what is the maximum force that the patient can withstand at the wrist? (assume negligible weight of the forearm).

C. In DMD, the diaphragm cannot produce the required inspiration force. How is airflow altered during inspiration? Describe in terms of pulmonary pressures and volume.

D. A control subject is able to maintain a systemic arterial PO₂ of 100 mmHg and a venous PO₂ of 40 mmHg. A dystrophic patient is only able to reach an arterial PO₂ of 60 mmHg and venous PO₂ of 35 mmHg. How is O₂ delivery altered? How would arterial PO₂ be altered if this patient was strenuously exercising?

E. Treatments for DMD include gene therapies to restore dystrophin expression. However, this requires that the patients maintain immunosuppression for their lifetime because the dystrophin produced is not recognized as self. What type of adaptive immune cell produces an opsonizing agent? How are the muscle fibers affected by opsonization?

Mr. Johnson, much to his parents’ dismay, has decided to quit college and to become a
professional skateboarder. In order to bring attention to himself, Mr. Johnson decided to film
himself performing a trick and then to submit it to a cable channel program featuring various
‘daredevils’. Mr. Johnson planned to ride a stair railing at the local strip mall. Unfortunately the
trick failed and Mr. Johnson suffered fractures in his frontal bone as well as several facial bones
making up the orbit of his left eye. After trauma care and a bone reconstruction, Mr. Johnson exhibited external strabismus (eye rotates laterally), he could not focus on objects with his left
eye and his left pupil did not respond to changes in light intensity. A study of the activity of the
extrinsic muscles of his left eye found only the superior oblique and the lateral rectus muscles
were still functional. Further investigation found that the left superior orbital fissure was
compressing one of the cranial nerve associated with the eye.

Answer the following questions:

1. What is the Cranial Nerve Damaged?

2. Function of This Nerve

3. How does the cranial nerves damage relate to the patients symptoms?

List three common transport proteins found in vertebrate blood and the compounds they carry. Are there any compounds that do not require transport proteins in circulation? Why is this the case?

Describe the histological features of the mammary gland and compare the method of secretion of this gland to the sebaceous glands and sweat glands.