Individuals with diabetes, if not controlled, can develop ketoacidosis. Based on what you now know about acid-base balance, what causes ketoacidosis and what treatment is necessary to prevent damage or death

Explain how C4 plants avoid photorespiration (briefly describe what is different from C3 plants) & provide an example of a C4 plant.

Explain how CAM plants avoid photorespiration (briefly describe what is different from C3 plants) & provide an example of a CAM plant.

James is a 45 year old man who is brought into the clinic after cutting his right hand with a knife while installing carpet. He has cleaned his hand and wrapped the cut in a bandage which has stopped the bleeding. His physical examination reveals a clean 2 inch laceration (cut) in his right palm which is well-approximated (the edges of the wound align). His vital signs are stable, and he has agreed to surgical repair of his laceration. He states that his pain is a 6/10, and describes it as being a sharp pain, directly in the area of the laceration.

• What type of pain is James experiencing? Be specific about the type and subtype, and explain your rationale.
• In 3-6 sentences, explain the transmission of James’ pain. Include the transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception of the pain.
• Laceration repair involves the use of a needle to draw the suturing material through the healthy tissue. What type of analgesia do you expect to be used to control James’ pain while repairing his laceration? Explain why that type of analgesia would be used, as well as the specific mechanisms by which it will control James’ pain.

Linda ate some immature potatoes. Despite being cooked thoroughly, the glycoalkaloid content caused her to
develop severe abdominal pain and cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea. After about ten to twelve episodes of watery
diarrhea, she became so pale and weak that her husband took her to the clinic. She was diagnosed with severe
dehydration resulting in hypovolemic shock.
The body has several response mechanisms that are utilized to try to maintain blood pressure and blood
flow in response to hypovolemic shock. Which of the following would occur ?

• Sympathetic stimulation of the heart is increased.

• Renin release is inhibited.

• Chemoreceptors are depressed.

• Parasympathetic stimulation is increased.

5. TRUE or FALSE: The glycolysis pathway is reversible to allow glucose production from specific deaminated amino acids during fasting.

1. True
2. False

6. What happens to the amino group of deaminated amino acids?

1. The liver can metabolize it to glucose by gluconeogenesis.
2. The liver metabolize it to urea
3. The liver metabolize it to ketones

7. What will happen to the carbon skeleton of the deaminated amino acids when excessive protein and calories are consumed?

a. It is metabolized by the liver to urea

b. They will be metabolized to fat

c. They will be metabolized to ketones

8. What is the main function of the coenzymes NAD+ and FAD?

1. To form water
2. To act as enzymes by removing hydrogen atoms from substrate
3. To transport hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain.

9. During the oxidation of glucose, what happens to the carbons as they are removed from glucose?

1. They produce water
2. They bond to NAD+
3. They form CO2
4. They form Coenzyme A

10. What happens during the Kreb Cycle?.

1. 3 molecules of NAD⁺ and one molecule of FAD are reduced per cycle
2. 1 ATP is produced at the substrate level per cycle
3. Carbon is removed from substrates of the Kreb Cycle as Carbon dioxide and expired by the lungs.
4. All of the above

11.   Which of the following is FALSE?

1. Members of the electron transport chain are activated by electrons, turning them into proton pumps.
2. Protons and ATP are transported out of the mitochondria and into the cytoplasm by a proton-ATP exchanger
3. The diffusion of protons through Respiratory Assemblies activates ATP synthase .
4. The splitting of ATP activates members of the electron transport chain, turning them into pumps.

12. During the oxidation of glucose, the greatest amount of ATP is produced:

1. At the substrate level
2. By oxidative phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain)

1). Describe in as much detail as you can the Homeostatic Feedback Loop for the regulation of blood calcium levels (Calcium homeostasis). (This is an Endocrine (Hormonal) reflex).

2. Describe the structure and function of cardiac and smooth muscle physiology. Compare and contrast the physiology of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle contraction. Include in your discussion the regulatory and contractile proteins involved in contraction as well as the source of calcium for contraction in all 3 muscle types

Regarding A1C blood testing, which of the following are TRUE? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY

(You may need to consult additional resources)

sequence of blood flow in order. The simplest format.

1. Why would a drug called renin inhibitors be effective in treating hypertension?

2. A toddler in Africa travels to a remote area with no access to clean drinking water. He drinks sewage water and soon develops severe diarrhea and dies 10 days later of cardiac arrest. Explain the possible physiological cause(s) of his death.

3. A patient with poor blood flow to the kidneys is treated with an ACE inhibitor and goes into renal failure. Explain the reason for the renal failure.

You are talking with a friend who has recently started an exercise regimen, and they comment that they are planning to quit because they experience muscle soreness following their workouts. In your communication assignment for this week explain why this occurs. You should focus on the molecular mechanism of muscle contraction and how muscles become fatigued. You should also discuss the ways muscles adapt to changing activity levels at the molecular level as you encourage them to increase their fitness level.

If humans keep evolving, what changes could you see in the nervous system?

Describe Brown-Séquard syndrome and the sensory and motor losses that accompany it. In responses, describe the basis for these losses.

1. Consider a generic synapse.  How are neurotransmitters released and how do they pass information.  Also, how is the signal “shut off”?
2. Why is myelination adaptive considering long axons ie from a motor neuron in the cortex?