Discuss the concept of an “upper motor neuron” vs a “lower motor neuron”. List all the neurons and their motor system pathways that might be considered upper motor neurons. Describe the consequences of a lesion to an upper motor neuron and a lower motor neuron. This answer should address issues of muscle tone, reflexes, and any other characteristics that help to differentiate between upper and lower motor neuron lesions. Give some common examples (i.e. diseases, dysfunctions, trauma) when these respective lesions would occur. What is the prognosis for recovery from UMN and LMN lesions. What are the differences between spasticity, rigidity, decerebrate rigidity and decorticate rigidity?

When thinking of the cell and all of its component organelles, can you compare anything in society that simulates the cell and it's inner workings?

Dieting is common in our society and everyone wants a piece of the action. So many diets are available to choose from if someone wants to change their health; e.g., lose weight. Often times, diets are promoted with claims of great success.

Choose a particular diet and analyze it in terms of scientific evidence, or lack thereof. Then, design a controlled experiment to test a hypothesis based on this diet. The experiment must include multiple individuals within a control and experimental group. Specify how you will measure the outcome of the experiment identifying both the independent and dependent variables. Describe the potential outcomes of the experiment in terms of supporting the hypothesis.

We classify foods into three groups based on their chemical compositions: Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats. The digestive and absorptive process differs among these groups due to their chemical structures.

For each of these macromolecules:

1) Come up with an example of each -- what's your representative food item of carbohydrate, protein, and fat.

2) Identify their chemical structures for monomer unit, and the macromolecule polymer.  

3) Determine the digestive reaction that splits the macromolecule into monomers: starch into glucose units; proteins into amino acids; and TAGs into free fatty-acids.

4) identify the digestive enzyme that catalyzes each of these reactions.

Explore the relationship between the human body systems, (musculoskeletal, GI, metabolic, cardiovascular and respiratory) and the flight environment.

QUESTION 1

1. A multilingual individual with extensive atrophy is still able to perform within normal limits on most measures of cognitive ability. This is an example of

   		Brain reserve
   		Cognitive reserve
   		Inhibition Deficit
   		Transmission Deficit

2 points   

QUESTION 2

1. 80-year-old female presents with a brain 19% smaller than when she was 40 and a reduction in dendritic/synaptic spines. Is this an example of Healthy Aging?  

   Yes

   No

2 points   

QUESTION 3

1. Many of the linguistic changes associated with healthy aging can be attributed to a reduction in:

   		Episodic memory
   		Semantic memory
   		Working memory
   		Procedural Memory

2 points   

QUESTION 4

1. 120-year-old female presents with declining scores on sustained attention and recalling new information. Yet she walks 10 miles a day and is a lifelong vegetarian. Is this an example of healthy aging?

   Yes

   No

2 points   

QUESTION 5

1. 65-year-old female presents with a decline in coherence scores, as well as a reduction in syntactic complexity. Semantic memory did not demonstrate any decline. fMRI demonstrated a shift from utilizing episodic memory to using more semantic memory. On measures of working memory with distractors, the individual was able to remember 3 items. Is this an example of healthy aging?

   Yes

   No

2 points   

QUESTION 6

1. 90-year-old man presents with attention, memory, working memory, and executive function scores within normal limits. He also scores within normal limits on measures of receptive and expressive language. However, his discourse samples do show a small reduction in the number of vocabulary items produced. Is this an example of healthy aging?

   Yes

   No

2 points   

QUESTION 7

1. A 40-year-old man presents with a decline in divided/alternating attention and executive function. An MRI reveals his brain as shrunk by 5% within the last decade. Is this an example of healthy aging?

   Yes

   No

2 points   

QUESTION 8

1. A theory of aging where the main physiological mechanism focuses on the deterioration of the myelin sheath that covers neuronal axons?

   		Slowed Processing
   		Transmission Deficit
   		Inhibition Deficit
   		Region-Specific Hypothesis

2 points   

QUESTION 9

1. Chronological age is tied to biological age?

   True

   False

1 points   

QUESTION 10

1. A 60-year-old female presents with a decline in divided/alternating attention and executive function, especially inhibition. The individual also presents with no decline in language production, but there is a moderate decline in comprehension. Is this an example of healthy aging?

   Yes

   No

2 points   

QUESTION 11

1. A 65-year-old female presents with cognitive scores within normal limits for attention, memory, working memory, and executive function. She hasn't noticed a change in her language production or comprehension. She claims to read everyday. An MRI revealed several tiny infarcts across the cortex. Is this an example of healthy aging?

   Yes

   No

2 points   

QUESTION 12

1. 75-year-old female presents with declining scores in the recall of novel word lists but scores within normal limits on measures of semantic memory. Measures of attention and executive function show no decline. However, her working memory capacity is reduced to 1 item with distractors and 4 items without distractors. She is able to perform her activities of daily living independently.  

   Yes

   No

2 points   

QUESTION 13

1. Theory of aging that focuses on the atrophy of brain regions, especially the frontal cortex.

   		Slowed Processing
   		Transmission Deficit
   		Inhibition Deficit
   		Region-Specific Hypothesis

Mirror Neurons and Behavior

Research scientists postulate that we imagine ourselves acting out or mirroring movements that we see. This ability seems to be genetic or hardwired since infants can imitate the movements of others. It is possible that mirroring actions is adaptive and may play a role in learning how to do things, and it may facilitate social interactions. More interesting than the actions is the thought that we may have special neurons in our brains that help facilitate imitation. These neurons have been named mirror neurons, and they can be found not only in human beings but also in nonhuman animals.

Answer the following questions:

• Mirror neurons have a distinctive shape and a specific location in the brain. What are the morphology (shape) and location of mirror neurons? Does their location seem to make sense, given that the neurons are thought to play a role in imitation?
• Some nonhuman animals have mirror neurons in their brains. Which other species have mirror neurons? Are these animals more social than animals that do not seem to have mirror neurons?
• When there is a relatively new discovery in the brain, that discovery is often used to explain current diseases and disorders. What are the applied research trends for mirror neurons in the scientific literature? Are there any particular disorders that are being connected to mirror neurons? What is it about these disorders that make people connect them to mirror neurons?

  Mirror Neurons and Behavior

  Research scientists postulate that we imagine ourselves acting out or mirroring movements that we see. This ability seems to be genetic or hardwired since infants can imitate the movements of others. It is possible that mirroring actions is adaptive and may play a role in learning how to do things, and it may facilitate social interactions. More interesting than the actions is the thought that we may have special neurons in our brains that help facilitate imitation. These neurons have been named mirror neurons, and they can be found not only in human beings but also in nonhuman animals.

  Answer the following questions:

• Mirror neurons have a distinctive shape and a specific location in the brain. What are the morphology (shape) and location of mirror neurons? Does their location seem to make sense, given that the neurons are thought to play a role in imitation?
• Some nonhuman animals have mirror neurons in their brains. Which other species have mirror neurons? Are these animals more social than animals that do not seem to have mirror neurons?
• When there is a relatively new discovery in the brain, that discovery is often used to explain current diseases and disorders. What are the applied research trends for mirror neurons in the scientific literature? Are there any particular disorders that are being connected to mirror neurons? What is it about these disorders that make people connect them to mirror neurons?

  Mirror Neurons and Behavior

  Research scientists postulate that we imagine ourselves acting out or mirroring movements that we see. This ability seems to be genetic or hardwired since infants can imitate the movements of others. It is possible that mirroring actions is adaptive and may play a role in learning how to do things, and it may facilitate social interactions. More interesting than the actions is the thought that we may have special neurons in our brains that help facilitate imitation. These neurons have been named mirror neurons, and they can be found not only in human beings but also in nonhuman animals.

  Answer the following questions:

• Mirror neurons have a distinctive shape and a specific location in the brain. What are the morphology (shape) and location of mirror neurons? Does their location seem to make sense, given that the neurons are thought to play a role in imitation?
• Some nonhuman animals have mirror neurons in their brains. Which other species have mirror neurons? Are these animals more social than animals that do not seem to have mirror neurons?
• When there is a relatively new discovery in the brain, that discovery is often used to explain current diseases and disorders. What are the applied research trends for mirror neurons in the scientific literature? Are there any particular disorders that are being connected to mirror neurons? What is it about these disorders that make people connect them to mirror neurons?

  Mirror Neurons and Behavior

  Research scientists postulate that we imagine ourselves acting out or mirroring movements that we see. This ability seems to be genetic or hardwired since infants can imitate the movements of others. It is possible that mirroring actions is adaptive and may play a role in learning how to do things, and it may facilitate social interactions. More interesting than the actions is the thought that we may have special neurons in our brains that help facilitate imitation. These neurons have been named mirror neurons, and they can be found not only in human beings but also in nonhuman animals.

  Answer the following questions:

• Mirror neurons have a distinctive shape and a specific location in the brain. What are the morphology (shape) and location of mirror neurons? Does their location seem to make sense, given that the neurons are thought to play a role in imitation?
• Some nonhuman animals have mirror neurons in their brains. Which other species have mirror neurons? Are these animals more social than animals that do not seem to have mirror neurons?
• When there is a relatively new discovery in the brain, that discovery is often used to explain current diseases and disorders. What are the applied research trends for mirror neurons in the scientific literature? Are there any particular disorders that are being connected to mirror neurons? What is it about these disorders that make people connect them to mirror neurons?

  Mirror Neurons and Behavior

  Research scientists postulate that we imagine ourselves acting out or mirroring movements that we see. This ability seems to be genetic or hardwired since infants can imitate the movements of others. It is possible that mirroring actions is adaptive and may play a role in learning how to do things, and it may facilitate social interactions. More interesting than the actions is the thought that we may have special neurons in our brains that help facilitate imitation. These neurons have been named mirror neurons, and they can be found not only in human beings but also in nonhuman animals.

  Answer the following questions:

• Mirror neurons have a distinctive shape and a specific location in the brain. What are the morphology (shape) and location of mirror neurons? Does their location seem to make sense, given that the neurons are thought to play a role in imitation?
• Some nonhuman animals have mirror neurons in their brains. Which other species have mirror neurons? Are these animals more social than animals that do not seem to have mirror neurons?
• When there is a relatively new discovery in the brain, that discovery is often used to explain current diseases and disorders. What are the applied research trends for mirror neurons in the scientific literature? Are there any particular disorders that are being connected to mirror neurons? What is it about these disorders that make people connect them to mirror neurons?

  Mirror Neurons and Behavior

  Research scientists postulate that we imagine ourselves acting out or mirroring movements that we see. This ability seems to be genetic or hardwired since infants can imitate the movements of others. It is possible that mirroring actions is adaptive and may play a role in learning how to do things, and it may facilitate social interactions. More interesting than the actions is the thought that we may have special neurons in our brains that help facilitate imitation. These neurons have been named mirror neurons, and they can be found not only in human beings but also in nonhuman animals.

  Answer the following questions:

• Mirror neurons have a distinctive shape and a specific location in the brain. What are the morphology (shape) and location of mirror neurons? Does their location seem to make sense, given that the neurons are thought to play a role in imitation?
• Some nonhuman animals have mirror neurons in their brains. Which other species have mirror neurons? Are these animals more social than animals that do not seem to have mirror neurons?
• When there is a relatively new discovery in the brain, that discovery is often used to explain current diseases and disorders. What are the applied research trends for mirror neurons in the scientific literature? Are there any particular disorders that are being connected to mirror neurons? What is it about these disorders that make people connect them to mirror neurons?

Default Processes of neuroplasticity:   Functional (synaptic)  and  structural plasticity:

What is  long term potentiation, and what is its function?

What is long term depression, and what is its function?

Explain the relationship between synaptic and structural neuroplasticity?

Please summarize (1-2 pages ) either on-
Part F. Chapter 1. Physical Activity Behaviors: Steps, Bouts, and High Intensity Training
OR
Part F. Chapter 2. Sedentary Behavior

Using the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report

Plz write in your own text and don't copy answers that was answered before since my teacher has (Plagiarism checker) thank you

1. Why are goblet cells necessary for GI tract function? Was there a difference in the amount of goblet cells in the stomach, duodenum, ileum, and large intestine? Explain why this difference occurs or does not occur.

2. What are Peyer’s patches?

3. Which type of cell is present in most of the pancreatic tissue, endocrine or exocrine? How do you know based on the slide that you viewed?

4. List the four main layers of the GI wall. What is the composition of each layer?

5. What are the main functions of the duodenum? How is this reflected in the structure of the duodenal wall?

In this laboratory experiment, you wanted to see the effect of Amylase with starch. So you performed the following:

In tube 1 - Combine equal volume of Amylase with Starch solution

In tube 2 - Combine Amylase with water

In tube 3 - Combine water with Starch solution

Let all three tubes sit in a 37C waterbath for 20 minutes. After the 20 minutes incubation was over, then you would test for the presence of starch. In the meantime, what would you predict? Based on what you know about enzymatic digestion, what do you expect here in these tubes? After the incubation period we added Iodine solutions to each tube to test for starch. Here are the results:

In tube 1 - white cloudy solution

In tube 2 - Yellowish solution

In tube 3 - Dark red solution

Explain this result, what happened in each tube? Why is adding iodine important to detect the presence of starch?

Discuss the causes and the pathophysiology of Melanoma.

Write a short essay on the interaction of the special senses with the autonomic nervous system

describe in detail the anatomy of capillaries