1. Case Study 4: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an auto-immune neurological condition of the Central Nervous System (CNS), in which the body’s immune system begins to recognise myelin as a foreign substance and destroys it. The loss of myelin can make it hard for the brain to send and receive signals to and from the rest of the body.

Question:  What impact does the destruction of myelin have on a neuron?

	A.	Decreases the ability to generate an action potential
	B.	Limits the ability to reproduce
	C.	Decreases the ability to release neurotransmitters
	D.	Decreases the speed in which the action potential travels down the neuron
	E.	Slows down the rate in which it depolarises

2.

Case Study 4: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an auto-immune neurological condition of the Central Nervous System (CNS), in which the body’s immune system begins to recognise myelin as a foreign substance and destroys it. The loss of myelin can make it hard for the brain to send and receive signals to and from the rest of the body.

Question: What cells will attempt to support the damaged neurons, in someone with MS?

	A.	Neurons
	B.	Schwann Cells
	C.	Myocytes
	D.	Lymphocytes
	E.	Oligodendrocytes

3.

Case Study 4: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an auto-immune neurological condition of the Central Nervous System (CNS), in which the body’s immune system begins to recognise myelin as a foreign substance and destroys it. The loss of myelin can make it hard for the brain to send and receive signals to and from the rest of the body.

Question: Some MS patients will experience impaired communication between the CNS & the efferent division of the Somatic Nervous System. Which of the following could be a resulting sign/symptom of this?

	A.	Muscle weakness
	B.	Decreased sensation/feeling
	C.	Decreased heart rate
	D.	Decreased digestive functions
	E.	Disorientation/confusion

4.

Case Study 4: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an auto-immune neurological condition of the Central Nervous System (CNS), in which the body’s immune system begins to recognise myelin as a foreign substance and destroys it. The loss of myelin can make it hard for the brain to send and receive signals to and from the rest of the body.

Question: Some MS patients may begin to experience bladder & bowel (digestive) complications. This would be likely due to the impaired connection between the CNS & which other division of the nervous system (NS)?

	A.	Somatic NS
	B.	All of the answers are correct
	C.	Brachial Plexus
	D.	Parasympathetic NS
	E.	Sympathetic NS

5.

Case Study 3: Susan is a 42 year old female, who presents to her doctor complaining of sporadic abdominal pain. She explained that she experiences most pain after meals. An ultrasound later confirms that Susan has gallstones, a condition she has had in the past. Gall stones are hardened deposits that can form in your gallbladder. Gallstones can cause blockages which result in severe pain, along with other symptoms.

Question: The doctor explained to Susan that the ultrasound has detected the gallstones have blocked a duct, which is preventing the breakdown of certain foods. Which duct is the doctor likely referring to?

	A.	Pyloric duct
	B.	Pancreatic duct
	C.	Duodenal duct
	D.	Common bile duct
	E.	Gastric duct

6.

Case Study 3: Susan is a 42 year old female, who presents to her doctor complaining of sporadic abdominal pain. She explained that she experiences most pain after meals. An ultrasound later confirms that Susan has gallstones, a condition she has had in the past. Gall stones are hardened deposits that can form in your gallbladder. Gallstones can cause blockages which result in severe pain, along with other symptoms.

Question: What type of food is most likely to worsen Susan’s pain:

	A.	Food high in protein
	B.	Food high in salt
	C.	Food high in lipids
	D.	Food high in sugar
	E.	Food high in carbohydrates

7.

Case Study 3: Susan is a 42 year old female, who presents to her doctor complaining of sporadic abdominal pain. She explained that she experiences most pain after meals. An ultrasound later confirms that Susan has gallstones, a condition she has had in the past. Gall stones are hardened deposits that can form in your gallbladder. Gallstones can cause blockages which result in severe pain, along with other symptoms.

Question: In the past, gallstones have not caused Susan grief because they have passed through the appropriate duct & through the remainder of the digestive tract. What structures, in order, would the gallstones have passed through before exiting the body?

	A.	Duodenum, ilium, jejunum, ascending colon, descending colon, rectum
	B.	Duodenum, jejunum, ilium, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, rectum
	C.	Jejunum, Ilium, descending colon, transverse colon, ascending colon, rectum
	D.	Stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum
	E.	Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, rectum

8.

Case Study 3: Susan is a 42 year old female, who presents to her doctor complaining of sporadic abdominal pain. She explained that she experiences most pain after meals. An ultrasound later confirms that Susan has gallstones, a condition she has had in the past. Gall stones are hardened deposits that can form in your gallbladder. Gallstones can cause blockages which result in severe pain, along with other symptoms.

Question: Which process/es of digestion has the blockage caused by the gallstones impacted:

1. Mechanical digestion
2. Chemical Digestion
3. Absorption
4. Peristalsis

	A.	2 only
	B.	1 & 4
	C.	3 only
	D.	2 & 3
	E.	1 & 3

9.

Case Study 3: Susan is a 42 year old female, who presents to her doctor complaining of sporadic abdominal pain. She explained that she experiences most pain after meals. An ultrasound later confirms that Susan has gallstones, a condition she has had in the past. Gall stones are hardened deposits that can form in your gallbladder. Gallstones can cause blockages which result in severe pain, along with other symptoms.

Question: Which of the following symptoms would you NOT expect someone with gallstones to experience?

	A.	nausea
	B.	pain urinating
	C.	abnormal coloured faeces
	D.	reflux
	E.	diarrhea

10. Epidemiologists quantify the frequency of disease by developing a definition of the disease, instituting a mechanism for counting cures of disease within a population, and determining the size of that population. It is only when the number of cures are related to the size of the population that we know the true frequency of disease.

A True

B False

11. What is the primary difference between public health and medicine?

	A.	Public health focuses on preventing diseases in communities, and medicine focuses on treating diseases at the individual level.
	B.	Medicine focuses on preventing diseases in communities, and public health focuses on treating diseases at the individual level.
	C.	Public health and medicine both have the same focuses on preventing diseases and treating diseases at the individual level.
	D.	Public health focuses on cells, tissues and animals in laboratory settings, and medicine focuses on treating diseases at the individual level.
	E.	Public health focuses on improving diagnosis and treatment of disease, and medicine focuses on prevention of disease promotion of health.

12.

What was the inital goal of the Framingham Study?

	A.	To develop ways identifying lung cancer and smoking among healthy volunteers.
	B.	To develop ways identifying tuberculosis and streptomycin among healthy volunteers.
	C.	To develop ways identifying cholera and drinking water among healthy volunteers.
	D.	To develop ways identifying cardiovascular disease among healthy volunteers.
	E.	None of the above

13.

The original Streptomycin Tuberculosis Trial was conducted in Australia during the 1980s.

A True

B False

14.

James Lind conducted one of the first observational studies in the neighborhoods of 19th-century London and discovered that contaminated drinking water was the cause of cholera.

A True

B False

15.

Population is a group of people with a common characteristic.

A True

B False

16.

Define disease frequency

Disease frequency is ...

A		the ultimate aim of epidemiology and refers to the reduction or elimination of disease occurrence. It is accomplished through epidemiological research and surveillance.
B		a pattern of disease according to the characteristics of person (who is getting the disease?), place (where is it occurring?) and time (how is it changing over time?).
C		a group of people with a common characteristic.
D		a measure of disease frequency quantifies how often a disease arises in a population. Its calculation involves establishing the disease definition, developing a mechanism for counting the diseased cases (the numerator), and determining the size of the underlying population (the denominator).
E		a factor that bring about a change in a person’s health or make a difference in a person’s health.

What are the three major fluid compartments?

Please answer the questions in detail regarding the Digestive System:

1) Caloric content is useful information but there are many other variables that are important in choosing a healthy diet. One of them (for carbohydrates) is glycemic index. What is the glycemic index of a food and how can the data you collect be misleading without considering it?

2) When carbohydrates (or any food) molecules are absorbed rapidly what happens to them?

Compare replication strategies of parvoviruses with those of papillomaviruses?

1. What step is unique in endocrine system communication compared to the synapse?

2. What is the major benefit to an animal of a nervous system instead of merely an endocrine system?

3. How is the pancreas both an endocrine and an exocrine gland?

Indicate the signals that trigger the release of thyroid hormone and epinephrine.
4. Release of T4:
5. Release of Adrenalin:

Debate the concept: “Food fads can be dangerous, and the concept of junk foods is overstated!” State your pros and cons. What do you lean towards?

Topic: Anemia

Definition/Description:

Causes:

Risk Factors:

Symptoms:

Complications:

Prevention:

Treatment

Health Topic:     Diabetes

Definition/Description:

Causes:

Risk Factors:

Symptoms:

Complications:

Prevention:

Treatment:

Humans are bipedal, terrestrial omnivores. As a species, we are adapted to a range of habitats, from deserts to mountains and from rain forests to tundra. Ultimately, however, we are descended from early hominids who evolved in African plains, and our body systems reflect this. Determine how the osmoregulatory and excretory systems of a human might be adapted if they had evolved to live in an aquatic freshwater environment.

Consider the following:

• What would be required to maintain water and salt balances, and how the osmoregulatory and excretory systems would have to change to compensate? You are encouraged to look up other (non-human; can be non-mammalian) animals that share these habitats for ideas.
• What if humans had evolved and were adapted to live in very specific habitats? In other words, it would still look *basically* like a human but would have some important differences related to its circulatory and/or breathing systems.
• What would these systems of a human that adapted to a different environment look like, and why would it look like this?
• You should consider the following parts and functions of the osmoregulatory and excretory system in your answer: Kidney – size, activity, Bladder - size, Water retention, Nitrogenous waste type (ammonia, urea, uric acid), Anything else you think is important to osmoregulatory and excretory systems.

Describe the anatomy and physiology of any respiratory disease you have encountered or heard about. What happened in the organs? How did these affect the dynamics of airflow and gas exchange (ventilation and internal respiration)?

Alcoholic quizz

Can you please select A, B, C OR D in the following multiple choice question. Thank you so much .

When are alcohol commercials mostly televised? Why

Most alcohol commercials are televised during the afternoon, and to females because it is promoted as an escape to a lonely lifestyle

  

Most alcohol commercials are televised during prime time news hours (4pm-7pm), and to males because men drink the most alcohol after work

  

Most alcohol commercials are televised during the evening and to females because femininity is highly correlated with alcohol consumption

  

Most alcohol commercials are televised during sports events, and to males because masculinity is highly correlated with alcohol consumption

2: Frank drank a beverage that was 80 proof. What is the percentage of alcohol in his drink?

  

20% alcohol

  

40% alcohol

  

50% alcohol

  

80% alcohol

3: Which beverage would intoxicate a person more: a liquor drink containing 50% alcohol or a drink of 80-proof liquor?

  

A drink that is 50% alcohol

  

A drink that is 80-proof liquor

  

They contain the same amount of alcohol

  

It depends on the brand of alcohol

4: What happens when a person drinks more alcohol per hour than s/he can metabolize?

  

BAC increases and then drops when the person switches to a lower proof drink

  

BAC increases and then mental and physical functioning becomes affected

  

BAC increases until the person vomits

  

BAC increases until the person drinks caffeine to stimulate the brain

5: How does body weight affect alcohol absorption?

  

A person who is larger, taller, and has more lean muscle tissue needs more alcohol to reach intoxication

  

A person who is larger, taller, and has more lean muscle tissue needs less alcohol to reach intoxication

  

Body weight is not a factor regarding the amount of alcohol consumed

  

Body weight is only a factor when comparing men to women

6; Food in the stomach affects alcohol absorption when eaten:

  

Before drinking

  

During drinking

  

After drinking

  

All of the above

  

a & b

  

b & c

7: What are some consequences of mixing alcohol with energy drinks?    

  

Signs of intoxication can be exacerbated

  

Caffeine may delay the normal onset of sleepiness, increasing the amount of time a person would normally stay awake and drink

  

They reduce the subjectivite feeling of drunkness without actually reducing alcohol-related impairment

  

All of the above

  

b & c

  

Energy drinks have little effect on a person when mixed with alcohol

8: What is hepatic encephalopathy?

  

Hepatic encephalopathy is a condition in the brain that causes a range of problems, such as sleep disturbances, mood and personality changes, anxiety, depression, shortened attention span, coma and even death

  

Hepatic encephalopathy is a condition in the liver that results in a build up of toxins and acute internal infection. Symptoms include pain, blood in the urine and stools, fever, chills, and sweating.

  

Hepatic encephalopathy is a condition in the lungs that causes fluid accumulation, making it very difficult to breathe. Shortness of breath, feelings of claustrophobia and fatigue are common symptoms

  

Hepatic encephalopathy is a condition in the stomach that interferes with the production of stomach bile, making it very difficult to digest food. Common symptoms include bloating, gastrointestinal pain, and diarrhea or constipation.

9: How can alcohol affect the lungs?

  

Alcohol can increase the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, making it difficult to breathe. The only treatment is a lifetime reliance on supplemental oxygen

  

Alcohol can slow down the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, resulting in the build up f lactic acid in the body

  

Alcohol can exacerbate the risk of lung cancer, especially if the drinker also uses tobacco or marijuana

  

Alcohol can exacerbate the risk of acute lung injury following major trauma, such as a serious motor vehicle accident, gunshot, or other event requiring hospitalization, or the spread of bacteria attributed to infection

10: What is cardiomyopathy?

  

Cardiomyopathy is a form of a heart attack. Blood and oxygen do not reach the heart or lungs causing a person to die quickly

  

Cardiomyopathy is a weakened heart that cannot contract effectively to sufficiently nourish the organs. The blood flow shortage causes severe damage to organs and tissue

  

Cardiomyopathy is a damaged heart valve that is unable to regulate blood flow within the body. The blood flow shortage causes severe damage to organs and tissue

  

Cardiomyopathy is a form of cancer that severely weakens and eventually kills the heart.

Word Building

Build the following terms using word parts.

• 1. pus in the uterus:

  word part for pus	________________________
  word part for uterus	________________________
  term for pus in the uterus	________________________

• 2. near the ovary:

  word part for near	________________________
  word part for ovary	________________________
  term for near the ovary	________________________

• 3. pertaining to the urinary and reproductive systems:

  word part for urinary	________________________
  word part for reproductive system	________________________
  word part for pertaining to	________________________
  term for pertaining to the urinary and reproductive systems	________________________

• 4. capable of stimulating milk production:

  word part for milk	________________________
  word part for producing	________________________
  word part for pertaining to	________________________
  term for capable of stimulating milk production	________________________

• 5. surgical removal of the uterus:

  word part for uterus	________________________
  word part for surgical removal	________________________
  term for surgical removal of the uterus	________________________

Describe the steps of skeletal muscle contraction. Be as detailed as possible

Eli McMillan, a 48-year man, is talking to his doctor about the symptoms he is experiencing. He states that when he goes for his morning jog, his legs feel weak and tired. He is having problems with simple tasks that require manual dexterity such as writing or unlocking doors. Upon examination, the doctor observes some atrophy of the muscles of Eli's legs, forum, and hands. He also notes that Eli is having a slight problem with his speech.

Questions:

1. What disorder do think Eli might be developing?

2. Why might Eli be experiencing muscle weakness and atrophy?

3. What is the cause of this condition?

4. What is the prognosis for an individual with this condition?

Prepare a list of the hormonal abnormalities and describe how hormones can affect the growth of bones, both in children and in adults.