11. The extinct "cycadeoids" differ from the modern extant cycads by having ______________.

A. primary tissues but no secondary tissues

B. unisexual pollen and seed cones

C. different morphology of the guard cells in the epidermis

D. flowers instead of cones

12. Cycads are dioecious, meaning that ______________.

A. there are no reproductive structures known

B. the plants drop their leaves each fall

C. there are separate male and female plants

D. they have male and female cones on the same plant

13. Unlike the seed cone of pines, the seed cone of cycads such as Cycas revoluta is ______________.

A. a complex structure, a branch of modified branches (microsporophylls)

B. a simple structure, a branch of modified leaves (megasporophylls)

C. a complex organism, a modified gametophyte

D. none of the above are correct

14. In cycads, as in all other gymnosperms, a pollen tube is ______________.

A. lacking, the sperm swim freely to the egg

B. extremely long, usually more than 15 cm in length

C. a means of transferring the pollen grain to the stigma

D. one of the most important evolutionary advances in seed plants

15. Cycad fossils are ______________.

A. unknown

B. known from the late Permian

C. abundant in the Devonian, but scarce in later Periods

D. never found with cones or seeds

HELMINTH GENUS NAMES TO MATCH TO THE CASE STUDY:      

Taenia Ascaris Enterobius

Schistosoma Trichinella

Case 1:

A 4-year-old female arrived at the emergency department with abdominal pain, vomiting and a 3-day history of diarrhea. She also exhibited tachycardia, bloating with no bowel sounds, and a palpable mass in the area of the right ileum. An X-ray of the area revealed air fluid levels and the shadow of roundworms in a “whirlpool” image. The ileum was nearly obstructed, and the patient underwent laparotomy to remove the worms. A mass of white worms was removed, with the smallest measuring 16 cm in length and the largest 35 cm in length.

After surgery, the patient was given hydration and antibiotics for 72 hours. Once peristalsis restarted, the patient was placed on albendazole for 3 days and was told to return for another round of albendazole in 6 weeks.

Genus Name of Causative Agent ___________________________________

Mode of Transmission to the adult ________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Case 2:

A 30-year-old man had made three trips to India between August 2012 and May 2013. On each trip, he had stayed for several weeks with an assigned host family. After returning from the third trip, the man noticed a subcutaneous nodule on his left neck. The nodule was painless. It was also at this time the he reported having a little nausea several hours after eating. When he noticed “noodle-like” material expelled in his feces, he sought medical attention. A subsequent collection of a stool sample revealed small white segments of gravid proglottids. A physical examination revealed other subcutaneous lesions that were palpable in the lower jaw, neck and lateral abdomen. A biopsy of one of the lesions from his abdomen revealed a white cyst that showed characteristics of a scolex and an invaginated neck. The patient was diagnosed with disseminated cysticercosis. He was treated with albendazole and oral prednisone for two weeks in an attempt to expel the worm or worms.

Genus Name of Causative Agent ___________________________________

Mode of Transmission to the adult ________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Case 3:

A 39-year-old middle school biology teacher collected shells as souvenirs for her students from her summer vacation in Thailand and The Phillipines. She collected a large number of shells from beaches, lakes, rivers and streams in both countries. After returning from her trip, she went to a health clinic with complaints of mild to moderate episodes of intestinal cramping. The cramping had become more severe and frequent within the last two weeks, and her abdomen felt bloated. She went to the clinic after noting a small amount of blood in her stool.  

An examination revealed that the patient was slightly febrile and exhibited an elevated eosinophil count. A stool sample was collected and sent for analysis. The examination revealed eggs that measure 60 x 90 micrometers. No adult worms were found in the stool sample, but generally the adult worm is a fluke with separate male and female forms. The worms are generally yellow to brown in color and can measure 8-28 millimeters in length.

The patient was placed on praziquantel for 2 days.     

Genus Name of Causative Agent ___________________________________

Mode of Transmission to the adult ________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Case 4:

In December of 2016, a celebration gathering of friends and family members dined on a variety of pork dishes. The pork meat had come from a domesticated wild boar raised and slaughtered on a private farm in Northern California. One of the pork dishes was in the form of a traditional Laotian dish in which the meat is served raw.

In January of 2017, one of the dinner attendees presented to a hospital with fever, myalgia, abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea. The patient reported that four other friends and family members had been evaluated at area hospitals with the same symptoms. Bloodwork revealed 10% eosinophils. A subsequent IgG antibody test detected antibody against the suspected pathogen.

Contact information was obtained for most of the people that had attended the celebration. Overall, 36 of the attendees exhibited symptoms of fever, muscle aches, bloating, vomiting and diarrhea. Nine people were hospitalized: six with indication of damage to the myocardium, two with acute kidney injury and one with blood sepsis.

Samples of the raw pork were taken from leftover meat that had been frozen and were analyzed microscopically. Cysts containing spiraled juvenile worms were found in the frozen boar meat. The farmer who raised the boar was asked if the farm had infestations of rats or mice.

The patients were placed on albendazole. Those hospitalized required prolonged treatments.

Genus Name of Causative Agent ___________________________________

Mode of Transmission to the adult ________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Case 5:

A 12-year-old male was seen at a gastroenterology clinic following 2 weeks of abdominal pain. The patient also reported an itching sensation around the perianal region. The abdominal pain was diffuse (not localized) but had worsened in the prior 5 days. The pain was pronounced enough to prevent the patient from attending school. He was evaluated for appendicitis, which was ruled out. A follow-up endoscopy was performed.

During the endoscopy procedure, small, mobile worms were noted in the ascending colon. Two worms were collected: a male of 2.5 mm in length and a female of 10 mm in length. Both worms had a cuticle at the anterior end and a pointed tail. Eggs were also obtained, measuring 50-60 micrometers in size.

Usually, abdominal pain does not accompany this type of infection. In this case, the pain was attributed to an over-use of NSAIDS. Since this worm generally does not enter the stool stream, examination of the stool is unreliable for detecting the worm or eggs. An application of transparent tape to the perianal region 2-3 hours after the patient has gone to sleep is recommended to submit for a microscopic examination.

The patient and his family were given a dose of albendazole with a repeat dose to follow in 2 weeks.

Genus Name of Causative Agent ___________________________________

Mode of Transmission to the adult ________________________________________________________

1. Modern technologies, such as global positioning systems and geographic information systems, have allowed some farmers to become more efficient through more appropriate use of fertilizers based on the varying amounts needed in soils at various locations on a farm. What is the name of such a farming system?
2. Explain to your farmer friend why a corn monocrop is not healthy for her land. List at least three benefits of crop rotation.
3. . Why do you think Texas, Minnesota, and Iowa top the charts in the total amount of erosion?
4. Please answer all 3 questions if you're unable too please just leave it alone !!!!

How do regulatory enzymes, secondary messengers, and major hormones influence the process of lipolysis? What other various methods does white adipose tissue exert influence on metabolic and pathophysiological processes?

A patient with multiple carboxylase deficiency will benefit from a dietary restriction of these amino acids except _____ ? Methionine Isoleucine Threonine Serinem

Familial hypercholesterolemia is a genetic disease that affects approximately one in 500 people worldwide. There is more than one genetic cause of the disease. In one type, heterozygous individuals have cholesterol levels >250 as children and often >300 as adults. However, homozygotes have cholesterol levels of >600 as children and can die of heart attacks in their 20s. These individuals entirely lack a functional LDL receptor. Which of the following would be the best description of the inheritance of this form of hypercholesterolemia? A. dominant epistatis B. codominant C. incompletely dominant D. complementary E. recessive epistatis

Iris and Raj just found out that they are going to have a baby. Iris’s maternal grandmother had Alper’s syndrome, which is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Iris’s parents are normal and you can assume her father is not a carrier. There is no history of this disorder in Raj’s family, so assume no one in his family is a carrier. What is the probability this baby will be a carrier for Alper’s syndrome? A. 0 B. 1/4 C. 1/2 D. 3/4 E. 2/3

Assume that a cross is made between AaBb and aabb plants and the offspring of the cross demonstrate the phenotypes associated with AB and ab in equal proportion. The results are consistent with which circumstances?

Both adenylyl cyclases and phospholipase C have multiple subtypes and isoforms. Many of these isotypes have tissue-specific activities that may be either activated or inhibited by the same regulatory molecules.

1. How does a genome gain a new isotype and at the same time retain the other isotypes?
2. What is the advantage of having multiple signaling pathways operate through a single signaling complex like adenylyl cyclase?

You wish to experimentally demonstrate how the GABA B receptors are associated with the membrane. Describe three experimental conditions you might test and discuss what the expected results would indicate.

3) a) Arguably, the way prokaryotic operons are structured has evolutionary advantages. Based on our discussions in class, briefly describe one advantage and one disadvantage of gene expression regulation in prokaryotes. Provide appropriate examples to strengthen your argument (3 pts).

b) Restriction enzymes, which are extensively used in molecular biology, are products of bacterial “immune” system. Since bacterial genomes span several million base pairs (E. coli > 4 million bps), and the presence of restriction site within a genome is more than likely, how does a bacteria manage to protect itself from innate REs? (1 pt )

3 d) Assuming the equal distribution of 4 nucleotides within a genome and a RE palindrome having C:G = A:T 6-base recognition sequence, what is the likely size of the fragment of the DNA treated with this particular RE? (2 pts)

E) What is the difference between type I and type II restriction enzymes, and how would you utilize each in a molecular biology experiment? Provide a simple hypothetical example for each. (3 pts)

McArdle Disease (glycogen storage disease 5) is caused by mutations in the phosphorylase enzyme in muscle. The symptoms are muscle cramps, pain, and fatigue during strenuous exercise. A) An ischemic exercise test is often used as part of the diagnostic process. This test measures lactate in the blood but is not always specific for McArdle. Explain why lactate might be a good diagnostic measurement for this disease and how its production is regulated in muscle in a normal person versus a McArdle patient. B) A patient is undergoing an ischemic exercise test and is fed 13C glucose prior to the test and then blood is drawn after the test. Explain how the following substrates would be labeled 1) alpha-ketoglutarate, 2) glucose 3) ribose, and 4) alanine. C) in patients with McArdle would you expect electron chain activity to increase, decrease, or remain the same in the muscle cell if the person is at rest? exercising?

1. what are few questions you can come up with, about plant growth, terrariums, plant competition, soils, or other related to Terrarium Experiment.
   1. What is your question?
   2. What answer/s to your question did you find?
   3. What sources did you use?

The speed of DNA replication in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells DIFFERS because:

A.) prokaryotic cells don’t use a double helix structure to store their nucleotides

B.) smaller genomes allow prokaryotes to rapidly copy their chromosome and reproduce

C.) eukaryotes replicate their DNA from a single location along the strand

D.) eukaryotic DNA is more accessible for DNA polymerase and other replication-related proteins