You are studying directional selection on neck length (a quantitative trait) in a giraffe population. Below you can see data on neck length of the whole population and the breeding parents.

(a) (4 pts) What is the selection differential? Show your calculations.

(b) (4 pts) In the offspring of the next generation you find that the average neck length is 60. Based on this and the results from (a), what was the heritability of neck length. Show your calculations.

Draw a Punnett square for a monohybrid cross between A) two homozygous parents (one dominant and on recessive), and B) a heterozygous dominant parent and homozygous recessive parent

1. Write the ingredient list of your meal with the associated greenhouse gas emissions individually (for each ingredient).
2. Then, add the greenhouse gas emissions of your total meal.
3. In a few sentences discuss your meal. Are there ways you could reduce your greenhouse gas emission by substituting different products?

**answer all question thoroughly for good rating**

Experiment 2 Diffusion - Concentration Gradients and Membrane Permeability Experiment Inventory

Materials 10 mL 1% Glucose Solution, C6H12O6 4 mL 1% Iodine-Potassium Iodide (IKI) 5 mL Liquid Starch, C6H10O5 4 Glucose Test Strips 4 Small Rubber Bands (Latex Warning: Handle with gloves on if allergic.) *Permanent Marker *Water *Scissors *Paper Towels *Stopwatch/Timer

Labware (5) 100 mL Beakers 6 Pipettes Ruler 100 mL Graduated Cylinder **15.0 cm Dialysis Tubing

**Be sure to measure and cut only the length you need for this experiment. Reserve the remainder for later experiments.

lab

EXPERIMENT DIFFUSION – CONCENTRATION GRADIENTS AND MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY **In this experiment, you will dialyze a solution of glucose and starch to observe the effect of a selectively permeable membrane on the diffusion of these molecules. To assess the movement of these molecules, you will use indicators. An indicator is a substance that changes color when in the presence of the substance it indicates. You will be using an indicator to test for the presence of starch and glucose. Attention! • Do not allow the open end of the dialysis tubing to fall into the beaker. If it does, remove the tube and rinse thoroughly with water before refilling it with the starch/glucose solution and replacing the tubing to the beaker. • Dialysis tubing must be soaked in water before you will be able to open it up to create the dialysis “bag.” Follow these directions for this experiment:

1. Soak the tubing in a beaker of water for 10 minutes. 2. Place the dialysis tubing between your thumb and forefinger, and rub the two digits together in a shearing manner. This motion should open up the “tube” so that you can fill it with the different solutions. • If you make a mistake, the dialysis tubing can be rinsed and used again. • You may need to reuse beakers throughout this experiment. When this is the case, clean beakers between uses.

PROCEDURE 1. Measure and pour 50 mL of water into a 100 mL beaker using the 100 mL graduated cylinder. 2. Label this beaker “water.” Cut a piece of dialysis tubing 15 cm long. Submerge the dialysis tubing in the water for at least 10 minutes. 3. Measure and pour 82 mL of water into a second 100 mL beaker using the 100 mL graduated cylinder. Label this beaker “dialysis.” This is the beaker you will put the filled dialysis bag into in Step 10. 4. Make the glucose/starch mixture. Use a graduated pipette to add 5 mL of glucose solution to a third 100 mL beaker and label it “dialysis bag solution.” Use a different graduated pipette to add 5 mL of starch solution to the same beaker. Mix by pipetting the solution up and down six times. 5. Using the same pipette that you used to mix the dialysis bag solution, remove 2 mL of the dialysis bag solution and place it in a clean beaker. Label this beaker “positive control.” This sample will serve as your positive control for glucose and starch. a. Dip one of the glucose test strips into the 2 mL of glucose/starch solution in the fourth beaker. After 1 minute has passed, record the final color of the glucose test strip in Table 2. This is your positive control for glucose. b. Use a pipette to transfer approximately 0.5 mL of IKI into the 2 mL of glucose/starch solution in the fourth beaker. After 1 minute has passed, record the final color of the glucose/starch solution in the beaker in Table 2. This is your positive control for starch. 6. Using a clean pipette, remove 2 mL of water from the “dialysis” beaker and place it in a clean beaker. Label this beaker “negative control.” This sample will serve as your negative controls for glucose and starch. a. Dip one of the glucose test strips into the 2 mL of water in the beaker. After 1 minute has passed, record the final color of the glucose test strip in Table 2. This is your negative control for glucose. b. Use a pipette to transfer approximately 0.5 mL of IKI into the 2 mL in the beaker. After 1 minute has passed, record the final color of the water in the beaker in Table 2. This is your negative control for starch. Note: The color results of these controls determine the indicator reagent key. You must use these results to interpret the rest of your results. 7. After at least 10 minutes have passed, remove the dialysis tube, and close one end by folding over 3.0 cm of one end (bottom). Fold it again, and secure with a rubber band (use two rubber bands if necessary). 8. Test to make sure the closed end of the dialysis tube will not allow the solution to leak out. Dry off the outside of the dialysis tube bag the paper towels. To open the dialysis tubing, use your thumb and pointer finger to rub the tubing between your fingers. Then, add a small amount of water to the bag and examine the rubber band seal for the leakage. Note: Be sure to remove the water from the inside of the bag before continuing. 9. Using the same pipette that was used to mix the glucose-starch solution in Step 4, transfer 8 mL of the dialysis bag solution beaker to the prepared dialysis bag. 10. Place the filled dialysis bag in the “Dialysis” beaker, leaving the open end draped over the edge of the beaker as shown in Figure 7. 11. Allow the solution to sit for 60 minutes. Clean and dry all materials except the beaker holding the dialysis bag. 12.After the solution has diffused for 60 minutes, remove the dialysis bag from the beaker, and empty the contents of the bag into a clean, dry beaker. Label the beaker “final dialysis bag solution.” 13. Test the final dialysis bag solution for the presence of glucose by dipping one glucose test strip into the dialysis bag. Wait 1 minute before reading the results of the test strip. Record your results for the presence of glucose in Table 3. Figure 7: Step 10 reference. 14.Test for the presence of starch by adding 2 mL IKI. After 1 minute has passed, record the final color in Table 3. 15. Use a pipette to transfer 8 mL of the water in the beaker to a clean beaker. Label this beaker “final dialysis beaker solution.” Test the beaker water for the presence of glucose by dipping one glucose test strip into the beaker. Wait 1 minute before reading the results of the test strip, and record the results in Table 3. 16.Test for the presence of starch by adding 2 mL of IKI to the beaker water. Record the final color of the beaker solution in Table 3.

Diffusion Concentration Gradients and Membrane Permeability

Data Tables

Table: Indicator Reagent Data

Table: Diffusion of Starch and Glucose Over Time

Questions

1. State your hypothesis.
2. Why is it necessary to have positive and negative controls in this experiment?
3. Draw a diagram of the experimental set-up. Use arrows to depict the movement of each substance in the dialysis bag and the beaker.
4. Which substance(s) crossed the dialysis membrane? Support your response with data-based evidence.
5. Which molecules remained inside of the dialysis bag?
6. Did all of the molecules diffuse out of the bag into the beaker? Why or why not?

Reflection (Discuss what you have learned by doing this experiment. How have your ideas changed? Do you have any new questions? What connections did you make between the lab and lecture?):

A mutation in the Sar1-GEF gene causes the Sar1-GEF protein to be a soluble ER protein. What is the potential outcome?

a. Everything will be the same. No change.

b. Sar1-GDP will not be created.

c. COPII coated vesicles will not be created.

d. Vesicles destined for the cis-Golgi network will not be able to fuse with its target membrane.

Could someone expain this question? for instance if its not c, why not? isn't Sar1 responsible for building COATII vesicles, thanks a lot.

Which of the following is a characteristic of cell communication that suggests cell signaling evolved early in the history of life?

A. All organisms form cell junctions to allow transfer of signaling molecules.

B. All organisms produce hormones to carry out signaling processes.

C. Plants, animals, and bacteria share very similar signaling processes.

D. Plants, animals, and bacteria use long-distance signaling molecules.

Describe the general principles of antibody based assays in cohesive sentences

Immunology

How does Indo1 allow measurement of signaling in real time? What is store operated calcium entry and how is it regulated?

If the EF-hand domain was mutated so it behaved like it was always bound to calcium how would this impact signaling?

Give 2 examples of inhibitory receptors that regulate T cell function How does CTLA4 reduce signaling in T cells?

Describe 3 ways that Fas/FasL interactions regulate T cell mediated immune responses

Immunology

Describe the two signals needed to activate B and T cells Describe the structure of a lymph node and relate this structure to the function of the lymph node in concentrating antigen and initiating an immune response.

Explain how an ELISA is used to quantify antibody concentrations and measure an immune response.

Understand how to interpret FACS data including side vs forward scatter, MFI values and multicolor staining profiles Distinguish between how B and T cells recognize antigens.

Describe the 4 mechanisms which contribute to B cell receptor diversity Detail the molecular regulation of VDJ recombination

Describe the formation of SMACs and their role in T cell activation What are ITAMs and what role do they play in the initiation of B and T cell recepetor signaling?

Immunology

Describe 2 ways that ubiquitinylation regulates signaling either positively or negatively.

What is the role of guanine nucleotide exchange factors in initiating signaling and what kind of signaling pathway do they initiate?

What is the target of LCK on the CD3 molecule and how does that influence the initiation of signaling when the TCR binds antigen?

Distinguish the roles of SH3 ligands and CD45 in the regulation of SRC family kinases

Explain how PLCgamma is activated and what the outcome of that activation produces.

What three transcription factors enter the nucleus when sufficient TCR signaling occurs and how does that lead to clonal expansion of antigen specific T cells?

1. Instead of following the incubation directions listed in your lab protocol, imagine that you set up your plates and then left them incubating for over a week before you looked again at them.  What problems could this cause for your MSA plates?  How about for your EMB and MacConkey plates?

Alcohol Consumption

Summarize the risks of alcohol abuse.

Question 1:

What are the risk's for each of the following when consuming alcohol?

Coronary Heart Disease, Hypertension & Stroke, Muscle, Sexual Functioning, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, and Immune system?

Please answer the question with each of them, and explain. Thank you very much.

how is the coloration of skin color an "evolutionary balancing act."

For each of the following answer choices explain why the specific choice is incorrect or correct. Give a detailed explanation with relevant outside information for your justification of a choice of falsification. Each falsification or justification should be no less than a paragraph each.

The energy released during oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water is high and can produce many molecules of NADH. Why then are only few molecules of NADH made during glycolysis when it appears that many more could be formed?

A. Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose is used in the production of ATP in glycolysis.

B. Glycolysis is a very inefficient reaction, with much of the energy of glucose released as heat.

C. Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose remains in pyruvate, one of the products of glycolysis.

D. There is no CO2 or water produced as products of glycolysis.

Which of the following is a chromosome variation important for the evolution of new genes?

                        allopolyploidy

                        chromosome inversion

                        Robertsonian translocations

                        aneuploidy

                        chromosome duplications