Penicillin-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae produce a plasmid-coded β-lactamase, which degrades penicillin.

What are the structural and metabolic changes that they may render this organism resistant to other antimicrobial drugs. (10)

2.2 Discuss the difficulties faced by the researchers in developing an effective vaccine against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. (5)

1) Draw the energy investment phase of glycolysis including all compounds, enzymes, products used and produced.

2)Draw the energy payoff phase of glycolysis including all compounds, enzymes, products used and produced.

3)List what enzymes can be subjected to feedback inhibition and what they can be inhibited by.

4)Which enzyme(s) catalyzes a reaction that produces ADP during glycolysis?

5)Which enzyme(s) catalyzes a reaction that produces ATP during glycolysis

Which of the following is an example of codominance?

1. flowers of a certain plant can come in purple, blue, or yellow
2. a Scorpio’s venom is more potent when it’s younger
3. in roan cattle, you can see a mix or both red and white furs
4. there are many possible mutations that lead to white eyes in flies
5. there are many possible mutations that lead to white eyes in flies
6. a certain plant can have jagged, rough, or smooth edges on its leaves

I have to develop my own experimental procedure for my lab covering cell culture. We’re using HEK932T cells and I wanted to test the affect salt has on the cells. I know how to culture cells but I’m not sure how to test the cells with the salt. We’re using a 12 well plate and each well is 1 mL. I know how to count the cells but I don’t know how many microliters to add to each well. How do I determine how many microliters of the cells to put into each well? When I add the salt do I dissolve it in water and then just add it straight to the cells in the wells? Once the salt is added then how do I observe the cells? Can I just put the whole plate under an inverted phase contrast microscope or do I have to add dye and view it under a compound microscope? Also what control should I have? I don’t know if I should just have the cells in the well as my control or add water to the cells for my control?

Liver fatty acid synthesis is stimulated by glucose. In which of the following ways does the reaction of glucose not stimulate the synthesis of acyl-CoA in the liver?

a. The reaction of glucose contributes NADPH to the fatty acid synthesis.

b. The turnover of glucose contributes with ATP to fatty acid synthesis.

c. The reaction of glucose contributes with citrate to transport acetyl-CoA to the fatty acid synthesis.

d. The reaction of glucose contributes with acetyl-CoA to the fatty acid synthesis.

e. The reaction of glucose contributes glycerol-3-phosphate to the fatty acid synthesis.

How do protein pumps move ions and small molecules across a cell membrane?

PROTOZOAN GENUS NAMES TO MATCH TO THE CASE STUDY:      

Giardia                                                                                           Toxoplasma                                                      Trichomonas

Trypanosoma                                                                         Plasmodium

Case 4:

An 11-year-old boy in Thailand was admitted to the hospital due to a sustained fever for 10 days prior to admission. He presented with fever and chills. There were no symptoms of cough or other respiratory tract involvement. There was no jaundice, but two days before admission, there was a stomach-ache and vomiting, but no diarrhea. He complained about myalgia (muscle aches) but did not have any rash or hemorrhages.
His fever was 103^oF on admission, and his heart rate was 140 bpm. He had mildly enlarged tonsils, a swollen left submandibular lymph node and tachycardia. There was mild tenderness in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen, with mildly enlarged margins of the liver. His spleen was normal. He had drowsiness but was still oriented.
A peripheral blood smear showed normal-sized Red Blood Cells with a few ring-forms of a trophozoite inside the RBCs. On occasion, faint red dots were seen on the surface of the RBCs.
The patient was placed on Malarone and began to show signs of recovery within a few days.

Question 1: What is the name of this parasite?

Question 2: where is the trophozite of this parasite, usually reside?

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Case 5

A pregnant woman who lived on a farm with many dogs and cats as outdoor pets presented to an urgent care clinic during the 15^th week of her pregnancy. She presented with fever, headache, enlargement of a lymph node on her neck, and symptoms of a common cold.   She was placed on the antibiotic Cefixime, but she remained symptomatic despite the prescription.
An ultrasound of the fetus was taken at week 17, and it showed no anomalies. But since the patient was still symptomatic, she was referred to an ENT (Ear-Nose-Throat) specialist. Fluid was extracted from a swollen lymph node which had continued to swell in size. No parasites were seen in a stain of the fluid. But a follow-up serological blood test was positive for antibodies to the suspected parasite. Under the microscope, the trophozoite of this parasite would be crescent-shaped, 6 micrometers in length, with a prominent nucleus, a pointed anterior end, and a rounded posterior end.
The patient was given pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine, but she could not tolerate them, developing a petechial rash. Spiromycin was then prescribed.
At the 24^th week of pregnancy, a fetal scan showed pronounced hydrocephaly and decreased amniotic fluid. The physician recommended termination of the pregnancy, and it was terminated at 178 days. The male fetus was covered in meconium and had developed the same petechia as the mother had during her drug reaction.

Question 1: what is the risk factor in this case?

Question 2:what is the caustive agent?

A disaster such as a meltdown in a nuclear power plant requires close examination of potential impacts on organisms. Which of the following would be useful to biologists in such a situation?

Provide ạn exạmple of eạch for control of glycogen metạbolism:

ạ. Hormone control

b. Ạllosteric control

c. Control by covạlent modificạtion

10. Glutamate is an example of an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that acts via direct synaptic transmission when it is released from presynaptic neurons in the brain.

Which of the following is a mechanism by which an action potential is LEAST likely to occur in the associated postsynaptic neuron? Summation of ionic events

1. temporally from rapid stimulation of the presynaptic neurons that release glutamate

2. spatially from the glutamate-releasing neurons and other neurons releasing an excitatory neurotransmitter that acts via an indirect mechanism

3. spatially from the glutamate-releasing neurons and other neurons releasing the excitatory transmitter, aspartate

4. spatially from the neurons releasing glutamate and other neurons releasing the inhibitory transmitter, GABA

5. spatially from many postsynaptic neurons that release glutamate.

Draw a diagram that shows how the element Calcium might cycle through the components of a terrestrial ecosystem, including different trophic levels. Label all arrows that show Calcium fluxes and depict the direction of Calcium flow with the direction of arrows. Include all major components and fluxes in an ecosystem nutrient cycle.

Some hints: Calcium originates from rocks and soil minerals. There is hardly any in the air except in dust. Calcium is needed by all organisms, in large quantities for bones and shells in animals, but also for essential cell functions in bacteria, other microbes, plants, and animals.

Create a flow chart diagram with labeled arrows and either labeled boxes or labeled drawings of ecosystem components.

Explain how epinephrine regulates the breakdown of glycogen.

can you have clear steps & explanations