Diagram a mechanism of action for the sodium potassium ATPase.

3. Predict the possible appearance of the children of Bob and Sue Everyperson, a young couple who now live in

Centralia. We are tracking two genes: hair line and earlobes. These genes are located on non-homologous

chromosomes. The allele for widows peak (W) is dominant to the allele for a smooth hairline (w). The allele for free

ear lobes (F) is dominant to the allele for attached ear lobes (f). Bob’s genotype is WwFf. Sue’s genotype is wwff.

3a. What type of hair line and earlobes does Bob have? What type of hair line and earlobes does Sue have?

3b. How many different gametes can Bob produce? List these gametes? How many different gametes can Sue produce? List these gametes.

3c. Using a Punnett square, show the genotype and phenotype of all possible combinations between the

gametes from Bob and Sue. What is the likelihood that their first child will have a widow’s peak and attached

ear lobes?

1. Observe the two sets of plates. Determine the CFU/mL of each solution (Normal and Heated), remembering to use a plate that has 30 – 300 colonies for statistical reliability. Is there a difference in the CFU/mL counts for the two treatment conditions? If so, what do you think accounts for this difference?
2. How are the colonies from the two treatment conditions different (e.g., size, color, shape)?
3. What effect does the heating and cooling procedure have on the microorganisms present in the soil samples?
4. What is the source of the colonies in the heated samples?

First, consider the cellular basis of long-term potentiation (LTP). Where in the brain does this occur and what happens? In your answer, include details of the neurotransmitters and receptors involved as well as what happens at the level of the receptor to enable LTP. Also, describe the changes that occur in both the presynaptic and post-synaptic cells as a result of LTP.

It is 7:00am and your alarm is ringing. You reach over to turn it off.

Describe what just happened in your nervous system.

Include the following terms in your answer: frontal lobe, action potential, ACh, brain stem, synapse, neurotransmitter, temporal lobe, axon terminal, motor nerve, spinal cord.

How many possible allele combinations in the gametes are there for an individual with 6 independently assorted genes each with two different alleles? (Undergraduate Genetics Course)

**Please include ALL steps and ALL calculations, thank you!**

Write the process of linear, non-cyclic electron flow in a paragraph.

(I think it is for photosynthesis, but I am not sure)

What is the basic reaction by which biological monomers form polymers?

A. hydrolysis

B. dehydration

C. mechanical displacement

If the environment surrounding a cell has a lower concentration of dissolved substances than the cell, the

A. environment is isotonic to the cell

B. environment is hypertonic to the cell

C. cell will not experience a net gain or loss of water

D. environment is hypotonic to the cell.

E. cell will die

Cell theory states that

A. life is spontaneously generated

B. New cells come only from pre-existing cells

C. cells can form from non-organic material

In a neutral atom, protons are always

A. equal to the electrons

B. equal to the neutrons

C. more than the electrons

D. less than the electrons

Water is best described as which of the following?

A. an ion

B. a non-polar molecule

C. an atom

D. a polar molecule

What allows a cell to maintain it shape?

A. the cell takes up water to remain round

B. the Golgi apparatus

C. the cytoskeleton

How do eukaryotic cells form tissues?

A. they are each either positively or negatively charged and are attracted to each other

B. their cell membranes fuse

C. they connect via the extracellular matrix

The main reason that cellular respiration needs to occur step by step instead of a single, big reaction is

A. cells don't store enough oxygen

B. cells don't have many mitochondria.

C. too much energy would be released for the cell to harness

D. cells produce the enzymes needed for cellular respiration very slowly

Isotopes of the same element are different from one another in that they have a different number of

A. neutron

B. electrons

C. protons

The energy to power the Calvin cycle comes from

A. cellular respiration

B. the light reactions of photosynthesis

C. oxygen

Which of the following can be broken down into intermediate products that enter cellular respiration?

A. Proteins

B. Lipids

C. Carbohydrates

D. All of these.

Name three organelles that are unique to plant cells.

A. mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes

B. Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum

C. cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplast

If a cell has a greater concentration of dissolved substances than its surrounding environment, the cell

A. is hypertonic to the environment

B. is isotonic to the environment

C. is hypotonic to the environment

D. will not experience a net gain or loss of water

E. will die

In animal cells the primary organelle that generates molecules of ATP is the

A. ribosome

B. lysosome

C. Golgi body

D. mitochondrion

The structure that easily distinguishes a plant cell from an animal cell is

A. chloroplasts

B. nucleus

C. plasma membrane

D. mitochondria

When a plant becomes dried out

A. stomata (leaf pores) close, decreasing gas exchange

B. stomata open, decreasing gas exchange

C. stomata close, increasing gas exchange

D. stomata open, increasing gas exchange

Which is the main component of cell membranes?

A. Cholesterol

B. Sucrose

C. proteins

D. Phospholipids

The molecule that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis is

A. oxygen

B. carbon dioxide

C. glucose

D. chlorophyll

E. sunlight

A cell produces 36 ATPs per glucose, however, if you calculated the total energy in a glucose molecule, 90 ATPs should be generated. Why is this so?

A. Some of the energy is destroyed

B. Some of the energy is used to do work in the cell

C. Some energy is lost as heat

Organic molecules are best defined as chemical compounds that contain

A. carbon

B. carbon and oxygen

C. carbon and hydrogen

The first stage of cellular respiration, called ___________, takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and needs no oxygen.

A. glycolysis

B. citric acid cycle

C. photorespiration

D. oxidation

The products of cellular respiration are

A. carbon dioxide, glucose, and water

B. glucose, water, and ATP

C. glucose, carbon dioxide, and ATP

D. oxygen, ATP, and water

E. carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

The second energy shell of an atom contains a maximum of ________ electron(s).

A. one

B. two

C. four

D. eight

Making and breaking molecules in the body require the aid of ____________ to help the reactions begin

A. heat

B. oil

C. enzymes

D. blood

The term "functional" is used in the phrase "functional group" because it describes a group of atoms

A. that react a certain way with other molecules

B. that make the entire molecule hydrophobic

C. that are organic

What is an enzyme?

A. a protein that facilitates a reaction

B. a protein that supplies water for hydrolysis reactions

C. a protein that absorbs water during dehydration reactions

The organelle that carries out photosynthesis in plants is the

A. chloroplast

B. mitochondria

C. ribosome

D. chlorophylllysosome

What kind is it when one atom takes an electron from another atom?

A. ionic

B. covalent

C. hydrogen

How do we dispose of the carbon derived from the glucose that is metabolized during respiration?

A. via our urine

B. by breathing out

C. it is broken down in lysosomes

What kind of reaction is photosynthesis?

A. exergonic

B. kinetic energy

C. endergonic

D. potential energy

E. equilibrium

The enzyme that forms a transmembrane channel in mitochondria and phosphorylates ADP

A. a carrier protein

B. acetyl CoA

C. ATP synthase

Diffusion

A. requires energy

B. utilizes proteins to move molecules across a membrane

C. moves molecules against a concentration gradient

D. cannot occur without a membrane present

E. does not require energy

The Calvin cycle

A. produces three-carbon chains from CO2

B. produces ATP

C. degrades carbon chains

What is energy?

A. the capacity to do work

B. what holds an atom's nucleus together

C. the decay of neutrons

Eukaryotes such as animal and plants cells differ from prokaryotes in that prokaryotes

A. lack protein

B. lack DNA

C. lack a nucleus

What is G3P? What is it used for?

A. it is the first product of photosynthesis; used to make all polymers

B. it is formed following use of ATP, and functions as a carrier

C. it closes leaf pores and prevents the leaf from drying out

The prokaryotic structure that would protect a cell from drying out

A. cell wall

B. nucleus

C. plasma membrane

Although water has no overall charge, how and why does it form hydrogen bonds?

A. it is slippery

B. it is polar

C. it is liquid

How do the cells in one individual recognize each other as “self” and the cells of a transplanted organ as “not self”?

A. the cells of each individual have unique transmembrane recognition proteins

B. each individual has unique DNA

C. each individual has a unique cell wall

Entropy is

A. order

B. complexity

C. disorder

D. Both order and disorder are correct

E. Both complexity and disorder are correct

Glycolysis takes place in the _____________ and the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain take place in the ___________.

A. cytoplasm; endoplasmic reticulum

B. mitochondria, chloroplast

C. cytoplasm; mitochondria

D. mitochondria; cytoplasm

If an atom has an outer shell that is full it is

A. highly reactive

B. highly likely to combine with other atoms

C. highly unlikely to combine with other atoms

Reactions that tend to go on their own, releasing energy, are called:

A. endergonic

B. exergonic

C. catalytic

D. productive

How does chlorophyll function in photosynthesis?

A. by absorbing the sun's energy

B. by absorbing carbon dioxide

C. by absorbing water

The energy source for the process of photosynthesis is

A. oxygen

B. sunlight

C. carbon dioxide

D. chlorophyll

E. glucose

The energy required to start a chemical reaction is called:

A. exergonic energy

B. endergonic energy

C. kinetic energy

D. activation energy

E. catalytic energy

During adsorption of sunlight by photosystems, H+ ions are generated. Where do they come from? What are they used for?

A. water; they help form sugar

B. from the breakdown of sugar; they help form water

C. from carbon dioxide; they help dissolve NaCl

Why is consuming on a sugar-free diet, without reducing overall caloric intake, not necessarily effective?

A. all food groups feed into the respiration pathway

B. our body builds sugar from excess protein and fat

C. extra sugar is stored in our blood stream

Which polymer serves as the information storage molecule for cells?

A. Carbohydrate

B. Nucleic acid

C. Protein

D. Lipids

ATP contains

A. three phosphate groups

B. two phosphate groups

C. three nitrate groups

D. phenylalanine

4. Imagine a gene promoter is located in “closed” chromatin – meaning the gene can’t be expressed – and you wish to turn on gene expression. Describe 3 changes you can make to the DNA (or proteins that interact with DNA) to turn on gene expression. (There may be more than 3 correct answers but you only need to give three.)

5. Imagine the opposite scenario to #4: a gene is currently actively expressed and you wish to turn OFF gene expression. What changes can you make to turn off this gene?

Why is the uninoculated control sector relatively unnecessary in a DNase test?

Nondisjunction of chromosome #21 in which of the following (1-7) could result in a fetus/child with trisomy 21 (47,XX+21) or (47,XY+21)? To indicate your choices, type an “R” at the end of each RIGHT choice, and a “W” at the end of each WRONG choice.

I. Anaphase 1 in spermatogenesis

II. Anaphase 2 in spermatogenesis

III. Anaphase 1 in oogenesis

IV. Anaphase 2 in oogenesis

V. The first anaphase of a normal zygote.

VI. The anaphase in one of the 2 cells produced from the first normal division of a normal zygote.

VII. The anaphase in one of the 4 cells produced from the first normal division of a normal zygote.