How did humans find out how to make babies in the first place?

We explored adult male infanticide in African lions in order to learn more about the ultimate causal logic of this behavior and of non-human animal social behavior more generally. Which of the following is the most accurate and complete statement of this ultimate logic?

1. We explored the simple logic of "kin selection," a process central to understanding non-human animal social behavior (and some human behaviors, as we will shortly see). Which of the following is the most accurate and complete statement about the ultimate causal logic of kin selection? [Note that more than one answer might be a true statement without being the best answer to the specific question asked.]

   	a.	Kin selection results in the optimal level of cooperation for the benefit of the species of the animals engaging in such cooperation.
   	b.	Kin-selective cooperation creates a situation in which two pieces of information that are recent copies of one another can mutually assist in each other's ongoing replication.
   	c.	Kin selection results in the optimal level of cooperation for the benefit of the gene pool represented by the animals engaging in such cooperation.
   	d.	Kin-selective cooperation creates a situation in which two individuals who are members of the same closely related family mutually assist each other's ongoing reproduction.

Q 4: Insulin can be used to manage the glucose concentration in diabetic patients. Initially, scientists cloned and expressed the gene in E;Coli. When scientists inject the insulin extracted from E-Coli, they were shocked to find out that the Insulin did not control the blood glucose. Describe how will you modify this experiment so that Insulin can be functional in the patients and give reasons for the modification.

Describe how the Poliovirus replication cycle occurs.

10. Consider the simplified scenario for genetic determinants of height in humans, where there are three genes (A/B/C) with varying numbers of alleles (3/3/2) affecting height, and with different effects in males and females. (Assume additive contributions, thus the effect of having genotype A1A2 is +0.1” + +0.2” = +0.3”). Average height for men and women is 69” and 64”.

What is the expected height for a male with genotype A2A2B1B3C1C2 (3 points)?

11. Consider a cross between two heterozygotes.
What is the probability that their first offspring has recessive phenotype? (2 points)

What is the probability that their first offspring has recessive phenotype and the second offspring also has the recessive phenotype? (2 points)

What is the probability that out of their first offspring, one has dominant phenotype and one has recessive phenotype? (2 points)

15. The gene for petal color in a flower has incomplete dominance, so that individuals with two A1 alleles (A1A1) are black, individuals with two A2 alleles (A2A2) are white, and individuals with one of each allele (A1A2) are mottled.

In a cross between two black flowers, what is the probability of getting a mottled offspring? (2 points)

3"      4"

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In a cross between a black flower and a mottled flower, what is the probability of getting a black offspring? (2 points)

In a cross between two mottled flowers, if there are two offspring, what is the probability of getting one black offspring and one mottled offspring? (2 points)

In a cross between two mottled flowers, if there are two offspring, what is the probability of getting one white offspring and one mottled offspring? (2 points)

In a cross between two mottled flowers, if there are nine offspring, what is the probability of getting exactly three mottled offspring? (2 points)

16. Two individuals that are heterozygous for a recessive autosomal trait have an offspring with dominant phenotype. What is the probability that that offspring is a carrier (heterozygote?) (3 points)

If that offspring has an offspring with an individual with the recessive condition, what is the chance their offspring has the condition? (2 points)

17. Most randomly occurring mutations that occur in humans do not have an effect on phenotype. Why is this? (4 points)

18. Imagine that coronavirus has a 0.002% incidence in the population. A test for the virus has a 0.001% false positive rate and no false negative rate (false positive rate means the chance that if an uninfected individual takes the test the test will falsely identify them as infected). If a random person takes the test and gets a positive result, what is the chance that they are infected? (Show your work to earn partial credit) (4 points)

Now consider the case in the future, where the incidence of the virus has increased to 1%. Now if a random person takes the test and gets a positive result, what is the chance that they are infected? (2 points)

19. Your colleague is studying long toes in the California vole (Microtus californicus). She proposes that this trait is due to to an X-linked dominant allele.

You go for a hike in Oakland, and notice that very few of the California voles you see have the long toe trait. Does this affect your colleague’s hypothesis? How? Why? (2 points)

You go for a walk in Golden Gate Park, and notice that, among California voles in the Golden Gate population, females are much less likely than males to have the long toe trait. Does this affect your colleague’s hypothesis? How? Why? (2 points)

20. You are a genetic counseler. A mother and father with a son and a daughter come to see you. The mother and the father both have a very rare condition that no one has ever studied, but neither their son or their daugther does. Karyotype analysis shows that the mother and the daugther are XX and the father and the son are XY. You think about it and realize that this pattern cannot be due to a number of simple inheritance patterns. Explain why:

Why can’t it be an autosomal dominant condition? (2 points) Why can’t it be Y-linked condition? (2 points)
Why can’t it be an X-linked dominant condition? (2 points) Why can’t it be an X-linked recessive condition? (2 points) Why can’t it be a mitochondrial condition? (2 points)

Please give an overview as to how the fear system works from the following perspectives:

• How can an animal be fear conditioned and what are the neural circuits involved?
• How can a human be fear conditioned?
• What is the process of extinction and what are the neural circuits involved?
• How does the amygdala modulate declarative memory formation?

1. Body fat has a negative connotation in our society, but fat is actually essential for the proper functioning of the body. Don’t forget your citations. (5pts)

   1. Why do our bodies need fat?

   2. What happens if a person does not have enough body fat?

   3. Is the Body Mass Index (BMI) a good indicator of health, why or why not?

2. What causes overweight and obesity? (5pts)

   1. Is a function of behavior only (overeating, lack of exercise, etc.) or are biological factors also a cause? (citation expected)

   2. Do you think it is healthy, or even possible, for all people to attain and maintain a thin body according to current societal standards? (no citation expected).

   3. What do you think our societal standards should be? (no citation expected).

What is the significance of the Asgard group of Archaea to understanding the evolution of eukaryotes? What sorts of proteins are encoded by the Asgard genomes? Asgard is enriched for genes that were formally thought to be unique to eukaryotes – what kinds of functions are encoded by those genes? What does the presence of these imply about the last common ancestor of Asgard and eukaryotes?

3) You have four tubes containing the same DNA at the sameconcentrationin each tube (pH 7.5) but under different environmental conditions (listed below).  The T_Mfor this DNA molecule is 78°C at physiological salt conditions (~100 mM NaCl):

1. DNA in an aqueous solution that has been digested completely to nucleotideswith DNAse I enzyme.

2. DNA in an aqueous solution containing no salt and has been heated to 78°C.

3. DNA in an aqueous solution containing physiological concentrations of salt and heated to 78°C.

4. DNA in an aqueous solution containing physiological concentrations of salt and is heated only to 37^oC.

Match the samples above with their corresponding OD₂₆₀readings.  Next, explain your reasoning for each of the matches you made.  (For example, “The DNA in sample (a) gives the highest OD reading because…”).

• OD₂₆₀= 1.01 à

• OD₂₆₀= 0.195 à

• OD₂₆₀= 0.713 à

• OD₂₆₀= 0.421 à

In this lesson, you created a summary of some of the experiments and knowledge that led to the discovery of the DNA molecule. Attention Students: You may want to go through Module 7 before you start this assignment because it will give you further knowledge of the acceptance of DNA. (You'll notice that there is no other assignment for Module 7.)

Now your job is to create a timeline with the scientists and their discoveries that led to DNA being accepted as the molecule of inheritance. Your final product will be a timeline with a summary of the important information.

Use your imagination to create a format in which to display the information in a form that you can submit to your teacher. If in doubt, check with your teacher first to see if the format will be acceptable. It must be digital but you can start on paper and then scan your work into a digital format. Your submission must be informative and should accurately display the timeline that will run from about 1900 to the present time.

You must include at least two scientists that contributed to our knowledge of this molecule that IS NOT given in this template. If you kept your eyes open as you completed your research, you should have discovered quite a few important scientists that you could choose from. Include these individual or groups of scientists with a summary of their contributions on your timeline. You can go to Nobelprize.org for some very good information. This is a searchable website. Try to cover the timeline so that the contributions are spread out over time.

Marks

• Timeline – from 1900 to present = 2 marks
• Inclusion of the given scientists and their contributions = 3 x 3 = 9 marks
• Inclusion of two other contributors to DNA discovery = 2 x 3 = 6
• Sources of information provided for all information presented = 2 marks

Total = 19 marks

1) Charles Darwin's argument for natural selection can be presented in a variety of ways. In class we discussed four postulates for natural selection (note: a reasonable statement or assumed truth used in developing mathematical or logical reasoning). Identify and briefly describe the four postulates of natural selection.

2) In many animal societies there is a pattern of limited dispersal where members of a group stay together and other members of the group leave (disperse) and join up with different groups. What is likely the difference between the members of the group that stay versus those that leave, and what are the fitness benefits of this arrangement (a complete response will indicate who benefits and why)?

3) Explain what is meant by the principle of allocation, and how might we expect this principle to constrain life histories. Give at least one specific restriction on a life history trait that is result of the principle of allocation.

4) When using the mark-recapture method to estimate a population size, we make a variety of assumptions. Describe at least two assumptions that are violated in following example, and how those violations are like to affect the estimate of population size. Also identify at least one assumption that appears to have been satisfied.

A population of butterflies inhabiting a fieldworker is sampled: captured individuals are marked by brushing a Sharpie pen across the wing, but sometimes the wing is damaged as a result of this marking technique. After the sample is marked, the butterflies are releases and a researcher observes a few of the marked individuals flying away from the field and into a nearby wooded area. When the population is resampled the next day, one of the collectors is seen specifically targeting butterflies that had been previously captured and marked.

Flower color in pea plants exhibits complete dominance as the purple allele is completely dominant over the white alleles.

A) Out of 276 pea plants, 273 have purple flowers. Assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, calculate the Expected allele frequencies.

B) A group of students counts 552 pea plants. Based on the expected allele frequencies, how many should have purple flowers and how many should have white flowers?

3’ TACTYCATAACTGC 5’ 5’ ATGAAGTATTGACG 3’ What is the product of transcription? Which enzyme will complete transcription? 3’ TACTYCATAACTGC 5’ 5’ ATGAAGTATTGACG 3’ What is the product of translation? Give a silent mutation using arginine

What is used to “digest” DNA?

Select one:

A. Agarose powder

B. Restriction enzymes

C. TAE buffer

D. Pipettes

What is DNA’s electrical charge?

Select one:

A. Positive

B. Alternating (Both positive and negative)

C. Negative

D. Neutral

EcoRI recognizes which of the following sequences of DNA nucleotides?

Select one:

A. 5’ CCTTAAG 3’

B. 5’ GGCC 3’

C. 5’ GAATTC 3’

D. 5’ UUCGTA 3’

Scientists originally used __________ to create DNA profiles of individuals.

Select one:

A. EKROLs

B. DRKDFs

C. VNTRs

D. FWVIVs

Who is credited for being the first person to use DNA profiling to solve a crime?

Select one:

A. James Watson

B. Maurice Wilkins

C. Francis Crick

D. Alec Jeffreys