Describe the cellular and humoral responses to viral (COVID-19) infection. Be sure to address the role of CD4 and CD8 cells, and the role of B cells and antibodies. What antibodies are produced in response to COVID-19 and when (approximately)?

7. In humans, ABO blood type is controlled by a single gene with 2 codominant alleles (I^A and I^B) and one recessive allele (i).  The population of humans in the city of Xanadu is 7568.  1874 of these people have blood type O and 1243 of these people have homozygous blood type A.  You will need to use a three-variable Hardy-Weinberg equation for this question: p² + 2pq + q² + 2qr + r² + 2pr = 1.  Note that p + q + r = 1.

a. (2 points) What are the frequencies of the I^A, I^B, and i alleles assuming this population is randomly mating and there are no significant evolutionary forces acting on the population?

b. (2 points) Estimate how many individuals in the population have each of the following genotypes: I^Ai, I^AI^B, I^BI^B, and I^Bi.

c. (2 points) Estimate how many individuals in the population have type A, type B, type AB, and type O blood.

d. (2 points) A disease suddenly emerges that kills 60% of people with type A blood (leaving 40% alive), kills 40% of people with type AB blood, kills 10% of all people with type B blood, and kills 5% of all people with type O blood. What is the frequency of each blood type in the population now?     

e. (2 points) An effective vaccine is developed so the disease only affects a single generation. Using the values for the number of survivors with type O and homozygous type A blood, determine what the allele frequencies of the I^A, I^B and i alleles will be when the population of Xanadu has again reached Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

I need just the answer to part e

Please don't forget to answer part E, I posted this question three times. thank you

If you have to answear just 4 parts just answear 4 parts but include part E

9. Discuss the arguments for and against the classification of viruses as living organisms.

10. You are growing Bacillus subtilis in nine 16,000-liter fermenters to produce enzyme for industrial use. The Bacillus cultures had been growing for 2 days when the cells in one of the fermenters lysed. Explain what happened in this fermenter.

11. You are chosen to be part of an international team gathering to choose the next infectious disease to be eliminated from the planet. Funding is limited. What are some factors you and your team should consider in deciding what disease to tackle?

       Based on what you have learned about antigen presentation, T cells, and viral infections, describe the process of antigen presentation of COVID-19 to CD8+T cells. Include how the virus enters the cells, is processed in the cells, and activates CD8 T cells.

Provide three examples of the exchange of vital substances in animals.

- For each substance

- List the substance List organs or organ systems involved in the exchange of the substance in humans

- Describe a different strategy for the exchange of the substance in a non-vertebrate animal

Describe the innate immune responses to COVID-19 infection. Be sure to include the IFN response, and the innate immune cells responding to viral infection (and the mechanism how the do it). In addition, include the “cytokine storm” induced by COVID-19; you can find this information in the article “Covid-19 and immune system, 2020”.

True or False

1.  Chromosomecan be thought of as the more highly condensed form of DNAthat is seen in the cell during the mitotic phase portion of the cell cycle.

2. The sporophytecells of a plant are cells that should have the diploidamount of “chromosomes” present and some those cells can perform meiosisto produce spores.

3.  The centromere associated with each monad is a large cluster of numerous proteins, and these proteins are attached to the DNA region of the monad called a kinetochore.

4.__ During the S portion of interphase the DNA making up each monad is duplicated and the two sister chromatids remain together in the region of the dyad called the centromere.

5.__ Cytokinesis is the term used to identify the separation of the cytoplasm of an animal cell into two complete, separate cells through the action of microtubules, intermediate filaments and kinesin motor proteins.

6.__ Cells of both plants and animals have spindle fibers present during cellular division and these fibers are short microfilaments composed of the protein actin with associated myosin motor proteins.

7.__ Cytokinesis in animal cells undergoing mitosis might not occur and this results in the production of a cell with a two nuclei, each with the diploid amount of monads present.

8.__ The process of cytokinesis in plant cells requires the correct function of myosin motor proteins and actin microfilaments.

9.__ Most fungi, animals and protists have a sexual life cycle that involves a clear representation of the alternation of generations.

10.__ Aneuploidies are usually the result of the nondisjunction of homologs during meiosis I or the nondisjunction of monads during meiosis II.

11.__ Most types (kingdoms) of eukaryotic organisms produce gametes as a result of meiosis of diploid mother cells.

12.__ Segregation of gene alleles occurs exclusively during the second meiotic division of plants and exclusively during the first meiotic division in animals.

13.__ When asexual reproduction occurs, the offspring produced have DNA from a single parental source and the offspring have less genetic variability than sexual reproduction.

14.__ The 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans are the sex chromosomes and females are heterogametic (2 types of sex chromosomes) while males are homogametic (1 type of sex chromosomes).

15.__ All members of the Plantae have both a multicellular haploid (gametophyte) and multicellular diploid (sporophyte) component of their sexual life cycle.

16.__The reduction division stage of meiosis is the second meiotic division (meiosis II) and this is when human cells go from a diploid state of 46 dyads to a haploid state of 23 monads.

17.__ A tetrad is composed of a homologous pair of dyad chromosomes that are involved in synapsis and crossing over may occur between homologous chromatids when the dyads are in this state.

18.__ A key function suggested for why organisms perform meiosis is as a mechanism of purifying selection and the removal of deleterious (mutated) genes.

19.__ The key event(s) in the transformation of organisms from the haploid component of their life cycle to the diploid component are the meiotic division of cells and production of gametes..

20.__ In female chickens you would find somatic cells with fully homologous pairs of chromosomes (monads) but in males there would be only mostly fully homologous pairs (monads) and one partially homologous pair the sex chromosomes.

5. You extract chromosomal DNA from 5 cultures of bacteria given to you by another researcher. You are trying to determine if any of the cultures are related to each other, or if they are different. You perform a restriction digest with a restriction enzyme AluI and run the resulting digested DNA out on a 1% agarose gel. The banding patterns in lanes 1 and 5 look the same, but the banding patterns in lanes 2, 3, and 4 look different from the rest. What can you conclude from this information?

6. Suppose you want multiple copies of a gene you have synthesized. How would you obtain the necessary copies by cloning? By PCR?

7. Why did the use of DNA polymerase from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus allow researchers to add the necessary reagents to tubes in a preprogrammed heating block?

8. Explain the difference between antigenic shift and antigenic drift. Using the example of influenza, why is there such concern about the possible emergence of a particularly virulent strain of influenza?

Describe one ion and one other substance that can be asymmetrically distributed within the body of an animal.

- For each substance Describe the asymmetry (which compartments have higher/lower amounts)

- Describe how the asymmetry develops (how amounts in different compartments become different)

- Describe how the asymmetric distribution is important for a specific process in the animal

Probes used in Medical Imaging establishments contain multiple transducers in a fan arrangement. How might more transducers over a range of angles improve the quality of the ultrasound images compared to the scan produced by a single transducer?

Hours before an exam, you eat a chicken sandwich. During an exam, your brain needs energy to remember answers to questions. Explain how this happens. Trace the path of glucose molecule from starch from from the bun of which digest starch, and the pathway through the blood vessels to travel from the small intestine to the brain (3 parts of the pathway)