Q: The stringent response in bacteria is an example of global regulation that involved sets of___________ , some of which can be controlled in a coordinated fashion by __________

From a strictly mechanistic point of view (i.e., ignoring practicalities, FDA approval, etc), what drugs might be most appropriate for a breast cancer patient with the following known mutations? Explain with signaling diagrams.

(e) ERBB2

(f) PTEN

1. From a strictly mechanistic point of view (i.e., ignoring practicalities, FDA approval, etc), what drugs might be most appropriate for a breast cancer patient with the following known mutations? Explain with signaling diagrams please.

   (a) BRCA2 mutation (b) CDKN2A mutation

describe the process of antigen presentation of COVID-19 to CD8+T cells. Include how the virus enters the cells, is processed in the cells, and activates CD8 T cells. 


Describe the innate immune responses to COVID-19 infection. Be sure to include the IFN response, and the innate immune cells responding to viral infection (and the mechanism how the do it). In addition, include the “cytokine storm” induced by COVID-19

2) (10 point question) Many people love colorful and tasty tomatoes and an ambitious student in horticulture wants to breed such a tomato variety. He searched all the available tomato genetic resources, and found the two inbred lines he needed. One line produces the tomatoes with a colorful red-green-yellow mosaic pattern (rrTT), and the other strain is 'very tasty' (RRtt).

When the student crossed the two strains together, he made the following observations:

In the F1 generation, all the ripe tomatoes have a regular red color and a regular flavor. The student tasted tomatoes from over 40 individual plants, and was sick with regular tasting tomatoes.

In the F2 progeny, the student sampled 1000 tomato plants: 498 had red-color tomatoes with normal taste, 248 colorful tomatoes with normal taste, and 254 red-color tomatoes with great taste. He was disappointed not to find any colorful tomatoes with great taste. He then sampled another 2000 F2 plants: 998 had red-color tomatoes with normal taste, 511 colorful tomatoes with normal taste, 488 red-color tomatoes with great taste, and 3 colorful tomatoes with great taste; he was so happy to find what he wanted!!!

Based on these experimental results, he realized that the alleles he needs are recessive and the two genes are linked.  

C) (2 points) The tomato genome has now been sequenced and genes on the chromosome are in the following order OPQRSTU. The respective physical distances on the chromosome between these seven genes are very similar. But we now know that there is a 'cold spot' between genes RT and 'hot spots' between PQ and TU. Draw a representation of the genetic map relative to the physical map (both maps are needed here) for this part of the tomato genome. Show the relative (approximate) locations of the genes on the two maps.

D) (2 points) What can you predict about the chromosome chromatin structure between the R and T genes?

Which enzyme/s are used in recombinant DNA technology?

ligase

polymerase

helicase

restriction enzyme

You have recently learned that the hospital that you work in is experiencing a MRSA outbreak. You are told that the strain is pan-resistant, meaning that no antibiotics that we know of are going to work. There is a meeting among all of the health professionals and scientists in the hospital one morning to discuss any potential alternative therapies that could be used to combat the bacterial infection. When the attending physician, who is getting desperate, asks for any and all ideas to be brought forward, you raise your hand. You remember what you learned in Dr. LeMieux’s class, and you think that there may be an alternative. You decide that you will devote the next few years to making a vaccine to protect people against MRSA – a vaccine that is desperately needed. 1) What will you need to know about the bacteria in order to design your vaccine?

2) What type of vaccine will you make and why?

3) Based on the type of vaccine you choose; how will you go about making it? Please explain as much as you can hear about the process that you embark on.

In a cross between two individual heterozygous for tongue rolling and right handedness. They have 32 chldren (LOL). How many of the 32 children would you expect be right handed but to not roll their tongue .

A. 1

B. 3

C. 6

D. 9

Why is de novo pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis regulated at the aspartate transcarbamoylase step in bacteria and at the carbamoyl phosphate synthetase step in eukaryotes? B) Why isn’t the formation of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) the regulated step in the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides?