From these pathways, the TCA cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, β-oxidation for fatty acid degradation, ketone body metabolism, and lipid biosynthesis which ones are affected by low oxygen? Where in the cell do these pathways occur? Next, explain how reduced oxygen slows each pathway(s) identified. Once oxygen is no longer limiting, energy production resumes. Explain how the concentration of ATP increases with the availability of oxygen (detailed pathways and structures are NOT required). Next explain in detail how ATP is synthesized from ADP and Pi by the ATP synthase, focusing on the role of the β-subunits.

3. The second Adaptive Radiation of hominins is evidenced by the genus Australopithecus. a. Explain the environments and adaptations (traits) that are associated with Australopithecines. Use at least one fossil species as an example.

QUESTION 40

1. Movement of molecules across plasma membranes like the exchange of oxygen from blood will most likely use a method of transport called (hint: no energy required)

   	A.	active transport
   	B.	sodium-potassium pumps
   	C.	diffusion
   	D.	ATP-transport mechanism
   	E.	endocytosis

1.5 points   

QUESTION 41

1. Muscle cells require more energy than most other cells in order to function. Therefore, muscle cells would be expected to have more ________ than most other cells. (Think: which organelle is responsible for energy production!!)

   	A.	ribosomes
   	B.	nuclei
   	C.	mitochondria
   	D.	peroxisomes
   	E.	triglycerides

QUESTION 53

1. The end result of Complement Proteins is (what happens to the bacteria)

   	A.	to phagocytize the cell
   	B.	make the foreign cell stronger
   	C.	lysis of the foreign cell
   	D.	antibodies mark the cell

1.5 points   

QUESTION 54

1. The following are the steps to antibody mediated immune response in B-cells. Which answer shows the correct order of steps?
   
   D) Mature, uncommitted B cell binds antigen by specific receptor
   
   C) B cell is activated and creates clones of cells
   
   B) Memory cells store information for future exposure to same antigen
   
   A) produces Plasma cells for production of antibody

   		B,C,A,D
   		D,C,B,A
   		A,B,C,D
   		C,B,D,A

1.5 points   

QUESTION 55

1. The kidneys function to maintain homeostasis in all of the following ways EXCEPT which one?

   	A.	controlling salt balance in body fluids
   	B.	exchanging blood gases like O2 & CO2
   	C.	regulating vitamin D
   	D.	regulating blood volume
   	E.	regulating blood pressure

1.5 points   

QUESTION 56

1. The motor division of the peripheral nervous system sends information to all of the following  EXCEPT which one? (think of the direction of the impulses (ie: to the brain, away from the brain?)

   	A.	somatic division
   	B.	sensory division
   	C.	sympathetic division
   	D.	autonomic division
   	E.	parasympathetic division

1.5 points   

QUESTION 57

1. The offspring resulting from a cross between a creme colored horse (PP) and a chestnut-colored horse (CC) is of an intermediate color (PC, Palomino, between white and chestnut) in other words when a third phenotype is possible (a true blended trait). Which one of the following patterns of inheritance best explains this?

   	A.	codominance
   	B.	complete dominance
   	C.	sex-linked
   	D.	polygenic inheritance
   	E.	incomplete dominance

1.5 points   

QUESTION 58

1. The primary structure of proteins involves

   	A.	the amino acid sequence
   	B.	alpha helices & beta pleated sheets
   	C.	larger scale twists & turns of a polypeptide chain
   	D.	2 or more polypeptide chains bonded together

1.5 points   

QUESTION 59

1. The process by which the DNA code is converted from a single gene into a strand of mRNA is called (THINK: DNA to RNA to Protein

   	A.	reproduction
   	B.	replication
   	C.	transcription
   	D.	translation
   	E.	metabolism

1.5 points   

QUESTION 60

1. The process by which undigested or waste material is removed from the gastrointestinal tract is

   	A.	elimination
   	B.	secretion
   	C.	urination
   	D.	mechanical processing
   	E.	absorption

1.5 points   

QUESTION 61

1. The products (a whole bunch at once) of the endoplasmic reticulum are transported to the Golgi apparatus by an organelle called: (it's not the same question that you may have seen previously)

   	A.	free-floating ribosomes
   	B.	cilia
   	C.	gated channels
   	D.	endocytosis
   	E.	vesicles

1. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate cannot be converted into acetyl-CoA.  It is instead converted to ____ and must go to the Cori Cycle into glucose to generate energy.  You would notice this during your exercise.

   		lactic acid
   		ketones
   		glucose
   		lactose

Post-translational modification

Protein targeting to ER & elsewhere; signal peptide & signal recognition particle. Why are some proteins targeted to the ER? Compare secreted proteins to integral membrane proteins.

Free vs. bound ribosomes

How is the control of gene expression different in prokaryotes & eukaryotes?

After transformation, the transformed mixture is plated on 3 different agar plates i). LB, ii). LB/AMP and iii). LB/AMP/ARA. Explain why a bacterial lawn (1000 of bacterial colonies) was observed in i). LB and only few colonies were observed in ii). LB/AMP and iii). LB/AMP/ARA plates?

Explain why pGLO transformed E.coli DOES NOT exhibit fluorescence under UV when grown in LB/AMP plates?

Eukaryotic gene regulation: transcription initiation

Initiation & the transcription initiation complex (including enhancers).

Promoter; TATA box; Conserved & variable regions in promoters.

Eukaryotic enhancers. Why is it important that there are multiple control elements in a single enhancer? What binds to the control elements? How is it possible for a small number of activator and transcription factor proteins to regulate a large number of genes?

Transcription: Elongation & RNA polymerase. RNA polymerase vs. DNA polymerase. Termination.

MyoD: What makes it a master regulator of differentiation? What genes does MyoD regulate? How is muscle differentiation related to cell proliferation?

Homeobox genes. How do they regulate other genes? Why are they so important for animals?

What is the growth rate (h-1) of microbial culture, if cells divide every six hour?

A 1.38 h-1

B . 0.23 h-1

C 0.35 h-1

D 0.115 h-1

E 30 h-1

Suppose you decided to repeat Frederick Griffith experiment, and you added a DNAse I (an exonuclease which digests single and double-stranded DNA) to the mixture of dead R and dead S bacterial strains. After incubation, the mixture was used to infect mice. What would be the outcome of the infection? Why did it occur?

A

The mice will die. Transformation was terminated by the DNAse I treatment.

B

The mice will die. Transformation was not required.

C

The mice will live. Transformation was not required.

D

The mice will die. Transformation can’t be terminated by the DNAse I treatment.

E

The mice will live. Transformation was terminated by the DNAse I treatment.

Which of the following is(are) an example(s) of anabolic metabolism? Mark all that apply. Include the metabolic pathway(s) with dual functions.

Multiple answers:You can select more than one option

A

Wood–Ljungdahl pathway

B

Iron oxidation

C

Anammox

D

Gluconeogenesis

E

Calvin cycle

F

Hydrogen oxidation

QUESTION 70

1. Water is an excellent solvent for living things because

   	A.	compounds with ions like sodium as well as polar molecules like glucose readily dissolve in water.
   	B.	it is semisolid at body temperature, preventing it from flowing freely through the human body.
   	C.	it maintains an unstable temperature for chemical reactions to occur.
   	D.	it can rearrange its bonds forming a new substance

1.5 points   

QUESTION 71

1. What do we find in the nucleus of an atom?

   	A.	electrons and protons
   	B.	electrons
   	C.	protons only
   	D.	neutrons and electrons
   	E.	protons and neutrons

1.5 points   

QUESTION 72

1. Which major digestive process involves nutrient molecules passing from the GI tract into the blood? (they're not asking about the actual breakdown of food)

   	A.	secretion
   	B.	absorption
   	C.	digestion
   	D.	mechanical processing and movement
   	E.	elimination

1.5 points   

QUESTION 73

1. Which one of the following activities would be facilitated by the  sympathetic nervous system?

   	A.	decreased respiratory rate
   	B.	increased bladder contraction
   	C.	increased blood pressure
   	D.	decreased heart rate
   	E.	increased digestion and absorption

1.5 points   

QUESTION 74

1. Which one of the following cells transmit impulses away from the central nervous system to the muscles and other organs?

   	A.	sensory neurons
   	B.	motor neurons
   	C.	dendrites
   	D.	none of the above
   	E.	neuroglia

1.5 points   

QUESTION 75

1. Which one of the following components is needed to synthesize a new strand of  DNA?

   	A.	disaccharides
   	B.	glucose
   	C.	nucleotides
   	D.	amino acids
   	E.	lipids

1.5 points   

QUESTION 76

1. Which one of the following divisions of the nervous system is active during the relaxed (resting) state?

   	A.	somatic division
   	B.	fight or flight division
   	C.	parasympathetic division
   	D.	sympathetic division
   	E.	endocrine division

1.5 points   

QUESTION 77

1. Which one of the following forms of birth control reduces the risk of transmission of sexually transmitted diseases?

   	A.	birth control pill
   	B.	hysterectomy
   	C.	IUD
   	D.	condom
   	E.	hysteroscopy

1.5 points   

QUESTION 78

1. Which one of the following forms the  major portion of the  bilayer structure that is found in cell membranes?

   	A.	amino acids
   	B.	phospholipids
   	C.	saturated fats
   	D.	carbohydrate
   	E.	triglycerides

1.5 points   

QUESTION 79

1. Which one of the following is TRUE regarding enzymes?

   	A.	Enzymes are not that important in reactions.
   	B.	Enzyme function is not affected by changes in pH.
   	C.	Enzymes are used up in a chemical reaction, so an organism must constantly replace these enzymes.
   	D.	Each enzyme catalyzes one specific reaction or group of reactions.
   	E.	Enzyme function is not affected by changes in temperature.

discuss the role of finance in the healthcare services industry. Has this role increased or decreased in importance in recent years? What is the impact of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) on the role of finance?

Male jawfish dig a burrow in the sand. A female jawfish lays her eggs in the burrow and the male fertilizes them. The male then takes care of the eggs until they hatch. If conditions get bad (water level goes down, water temperature or salinity goes up) the male jawfish will eat some of his own eggs. If conditions are good, the male doesn't eat any eggs.

Explain, using the principles of natural selection, how the egg-eating behavior of the male jawfish might have evolved???

Why is a mutation in a signaling pathway not sufficient to create a cancer cell.

Describe the mechanisms of action, biochemical targets and effects of these 7 lipid-lowering drugs:

Niacin

Colestipol

Torcetrapib

Avasimibe

Implitapide

Praluent

Ezetimibe

Bacterial operons & regulating metabolic pathways

Two kinds of control: enzyme regulation vs. gene regulation. Why?

trp operon. How does the presence of tryptophan prevent the synthesis of more tryptophan (2 different ways)?

lac operon. Compare & contrast with trp.

Why are operons for catabolic and anabolic pathways regulated differently?

Positive vs. negative gene regulation. Why would both be used for the same operon?

AraC mechanism. Is AraC an inducer or a repressor?