6. Lungless salamanders live in moist habitats and can die if their skin dries out. Yet, some species cannotlive in water as adults and will drown if fully immersed. Why might this occur (consider the functional disadvantage of lungs in underwater) ? Why must their skin remain moist?
7. Define death in physiological terms. We know that when the human heart stops beating, it can be started again artificially. And, the subject lives. If the heart does not restart, the O2 supply is cut off, the brain "dies," but what does lack of O2 cause? Take your answer as far down (reductionistically) as you can.
8. You have designed a new drug (Provasoshut®) that acts as an agonist of alpha-adrenergic receptors. In most of the systems you have studied (e.g. capillary beds of the digestive system, liver, and adipose), Provasoshut® causes vasoconstriction that lasts for at least 15 minutes. However, when you tried the drug on the capillary beds of the contracting muscle of the frog leg prep in your physiology lab, the vasoconstriction lasted only 20 seconds! What is the best explanation for the short-lived action of Provasoshut® in this preparation?
9. A vampire bat survives on mammalian blood. Most cells in blood are erythrocytes filled mostly with water and hemoglobin. Most of plasma is water and its most abundant solute is albumin. Predict how the urine of a vampire bat would differ compared to an omnivorous mammal such as you.
In: Biology
Describe the following methods of grafting and budding with drawings:
c. T-budding
d. Chip budding
In: Biology
1. What is the difference between a phytohormone and a plant growth regulator?
2. Contrast a tap root vs. an adventitious root
3.Describe the difference between heel cuttings and mallet cuttings.
In: Biology
All the vertebrates are chordates – and all tetrapods are vertebrates – and all amniotes are tetrapods. Each of these leading to the amniotes resulted in major morphological change.
a) How do you explain the major differences in terms of evolutionary selection for each of these groups?
b) Why are intermediate organisms (like the Tiktallik) often species which don't survive for long periods in the fossil record?
In: Biology
Which cell-cell connection allows for the formation of a gradient of 2nd messengers, small molecules or ions in the cytosol of neighboring animal cells?
a Plasmodesmata
b Adherens junction
c Gap junction
In: Biology
What is the purpose of adding precision plus standard in SDS-PAGE? What will happen if we do not use it in our analysis?
In: Biology
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The overall effectiveness of a health system can be measured in a number of different ways. Health outcomes are an obvious measure and one that is tied directly to access to quality clinical care. The tracking of health outcomes involves tracking the progress of patients who present a chronic condition, such as hypertension, and then measuring the results after drug therapy and lifestyle changes. Additionally, patient satisfaction is a reasonable measure of the effectiveness of a health system. Measures of health outcomes, patient satisfaction, and cost reduction, when coupled together, are significant performance indicators for monitoring the overall effectiveness of a health system. The catalyst of U.S. healthcare reform and modernization is identifying, monitoring, and measuring the key performance indicators of cost, access, and quality. Introduction Measuring the cost of healthcare delivery is critical to evaluating the overall effectiveness of health systems. As noted by Porter and Lee (2013), “Improving value requires either improving one or more outcomes without raising costs or lowering costs without compromising outcomes or both” (p. 52). For example, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 sought to transform the U.S. healthcare system by creating synergies, efficiencies, and economies of scale that would reduce the cost of care delivery by spreading it across population health and disease management programs (Lathrop & Hodnicki, 2014). Accountable care organizations (ACOs) are now part of value-based health services delivery and have grown in popularity since their inception over a decade ago. Despite the official-sounding description, an ACO is not a legal entity; rather ACOs are voluntarily established by healthcare providers, health plans, and hospitals to increase consumers’ access to health services and to reduce the collective costs of doing business. Case Report During the summer of 2018, Blue Cross and Blue Shield, the Texas-based health insurance behemoth, entered an ACO relationship with Baylor Scott & White Health, the largest nonprofit health system in Texas. Under the agreement, in year one Baylor Scott & White would provide high-quality care to upwards of 140,000 Blue Cross and Blue Shield members, establishing it as the most substantial value-based care agreement with a commercial insurance company in the United States (Rege, 2018). Improvements in health outcomes for those with chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity can build patients’ confidence in the ACO model resulting from increased quality of life, leading to higher levels of customer satisfaction in the health system. Discussion The shift from healthcare delivery based on patient demand to a more proactive approach will require a complete commitment from all healthcare stakeholders. Due to its ACO alignment, Baylor Scott & White Health had over 1 million lives under value-based care arrangements, and stakeholders believe that their patients will receive high-value, coordinated, and quality care (Rege, 2018). Designing, implementing, coordinating, and managing the delivery of health services can increase care and oversight across the entire continuum of patient care (Wexler et al., 2014). These tighter controls at the point of service will lower costs across the entire system. Increasing emphasis on disease prevention will directly affect the rate of chronic conditions and traditional high-cost illnesses. Moreover, financial risk pools will create economies of scale as younger and healthier patients begin to purchase insurance plan resulting from the ACA mandates. Health policies and reforms such as the ACA demonstrate the government's meaningful efforts to reduce costs and increase access to and quality of care. These types of national standards are enforceable by government agencies with far-reaching authority. The lower cost of medical procedures coupled with reduced reimbursement rates from Medicare and Medicaid will fundamentally alter health care delivery in the United States. Questions
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In: Biology
In: Biology
phamacology 1 homework:
Giving examples, explain how the bioavailability of drugs would be affected by these administration routes: oral ,sublingual, and rectal administration routes
In: Biology
Pick the INCORRECT answers to the following question: (may be multiple answers)
A. ER bound ribosomes translate proteins destined to be secreted outside the cell
B. Free ribosomes translate many proteins in the cytoplasm
C. Ribosomes form a bridge between the nuclear membrane, where they capture mRNA molecules as the exit the nucleus, and the cell membrane, where they pump newly made proteins outside the cell
D. ER bound ribosomes translate proteins destined for localization in the membrane
E. Free ribosomes translate many proteins destined for localization in the membrane
In: Biology
Most fungi that cause harm to humans are not obligate human pathogens. In other words, these fungi are not highly adapted to attacking humans. How and why do these fungi cause harm?
Define what the great oxygen catastrophe was and what organisms caused it and were affected by it.
In: Biology
|
Time (minutes) |
no sugar |
glucose |
sucrose |
maltose |
lactose |
galactose |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
5 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
2.8 |
3.1 |
|
10 |
0 |
6 |
0 |
0 |
5.6 |
6.2 |
|
15 |
0 |
9 |
0 |
0 |
8.8 |
9.3 |
|
20 |
0 |
12 |
0 |
0 |
11.5 |
12.5 |
|
25 |
0 |
15 |
0 |
0 |
13.9 |
15.7 |
|
30 |
0 |
18 |
0 |
0 |
17.2 |
18.9 |
|
35 |
0 |
21 |
0 |
0 |
20 |
22 |
|
40 |
0 |
24 |
0 |
0 |
23.5 |
25 |
|
45 |
0 |
27 |
0 |
0 |
26.5 |
28.5 |
|
50 |
0 |
30 |
0 |
0 |
29.5 |
31.6 |
|
55 |
0 |
33 |
0 |
0 |
32.3 |
34.8 |
|
60 |
0 |
36 |
0 |
0 |
35.2 |
37.8 |
a) What do you notice immediately about sugar utilization in M. tuberculosis?
b) Consider each sugar carefully, and provide a possible explanation for each of them. You may want to refer back to the structures of the sugars provided at the beginning.
In: Biology
The risk of tumor metastasis can be assessed by examining gene expression, signal cascade activity, or protein expressions of pathological sections. Imagine an adenoma (formed by epithelial cells, non-metastatic yet) next to mesenchymal stromal cells, indicate whether the following situations would promote or inhibit or N/D (not able to determine) the metastasis of the adenoma (use those words). (10 pts)
Expression of TGF- RNA in adenoma ______________________
Expression of BMP RNA in adenoma ______________________
Expression of vimentin protein in adenoma ______________________
Expression of Cox-2 in stromal cells ______________________
Nuclear localization of -catenin in adenoma ______________________
Activation of TGF- signal cascade in adenoma ______________________
Activation of TGF- signal cascade in stromal cells ______________________
Expression of E-cadherin in carcinoma epithelia ______________________
Expression Snail in adenoma ______________________
Expression of Snail in stromal cells ______________________
In: Biology
Describe the difference between a lytic and lysogenic bacteriophage cycle
Complete the following definitions with regards to viral replication:
|
Retrovirus |
|
|
Prophage |
|
|
Burst Size |
|
|
Burst Time |
In: Biology
PLEASE TYPE & EXPLAIN which covers both parts A&B
A) You conduct a serial dilution where you repeatedly dilute .5mL of solution into 4.5 mL of diluent three times. What is the dilution of your solution?
A.1:10 B.1:100 C.1:1000 D.1: 3, ALSO imagine you put 1ml of milk onto a plate and after 24 hours observed 135 colonies on the plate, how many CFU/mL are in the milk? NOW Imagine you put 1ml of milk onto a plate and after 24 hours observed 135 colonies on the plate, how many CFU/ mL are in the milk?
B) what do we learn of this experiment that will continue to influence us for many years to come?
In: Biology