How would you determine whether the morphological diversity of animals has increased, decreased, or stayed the same since the Cambrian? Explain what kind of data you would collect, how you would analyze it, and what sorts of biases you might need to correct for.

Choose three species of wild organisms (not domesticated species or humans) and predict how their populations and geographic ranges will change in the future, assuming that global climate change continues at its current rate.

please answer both questions!!

Describe how the mitotic spindle, cohesin, APC, separase and securin work together with each other, at the appropriate time in the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, to align the chromosomes along the metaphase plate and how they work together to allow/cause separation of the sister chromatids. Be specific and detailed.

Homo: The Humans

During the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition the Homo genus appeared in the fossil record. The Homo genus is a a continuation of the Gracile Australopithecines. Like those that came before, Homo is an obligate biped, but unlike its precursors Homo displays a unique set of physical adaptations along with behaviors that make the genus unique among hominins. To begin with, Homo and all its eventual lineages display hunting behaviors along with the associated stone tools necessary to process meat. At the same time, the creation and dependence on stone tools and other cultural technologies is a function of the increase in brain size that begins with the onset of Homo.

Hunting, the new Homo subsistence pattern, required not just a new kind of mind set to create new cultural technologies but at the same time required a specialized hand that would allow for better manipulation of objects while being capable of resisting the unique physical pressures associated with making tools.

In addition, being able to run after prey became essential. The Homo genus was the first to display adaptations that allow for endurance running. The type of running that Homo becomes known for is not a type of running that allows us to be fast but rather it allows us to run for long distances at a pace which forces prey to undergo hyperthermia over the long run.  

Your task for this activity will be to compare and contrast the locomotor features of Australopithecus afarensis to Homo erectus. You will accomplish this by answering the following.

Before you begin make sure view all relevant reading material so that you can give me informed opinions.

What anatomical features makes it possible for Homo erectus to be a biped runner.

Pick only one feature discussed in this week's material that allowed Homo erectus to be a biped runner.  

How is your chosen feature different from Australopithecus aferensis equivalent feature? Briefly explain the difference.

Lastly, I would like you to briefly explain in your own words how endurance running would enhance the fitness of the Homo genus.

Describe the sequence of steps for an action potential of one neuronal cell leads to the action potential in a postsynaptic cell.

In mice the loci for tail length, fur color and whisker shape are found on the same chromosome. Long tails (T) are dominant to short tails (t), brown fur (B) is dominant to white fur (b) and straight whisker (S) are dominant to curled whiskers (s). Mice that were homozygous dominant for all three characters were crossed with mice homozygous recessive for all three characters and all of the offspring had long tails, brown fur and straight whiskers. These F1 mice were test crossed. The phenotypes of the offspring from these crosses are shown in the following table.

a. Use the information in this table to construct a genetic map. Include the distances between the loci on your map.

b. For the data in this table calculate the interference. What does this value mean?

1. Describe and ELISA test. How is it like a Western blot? What are the advantages over a Western blot? Disadvantages?

What are the goals of the Biology Gen III microplate and how can you determine an outcome from the basis that can be observed. How are bacteria added and how is growth measured in the Biology Gen III? Likewise, how can the selected nutrients and the growth patterns in the Gen III microplate be used to identify common clinical and industrial strains of bacteria quickly?

Describe the detoxification mechanisms used by Leishmania to
counteract the toxic effects of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs)
and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNIs) produced by the host. How
was the relative contribution of ROIs and RNIs in the control of
leishmaniasis determined in a mouse model of infection?

If you were the director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), what measures would you implement to reduce the US vulnerability to pandemics in the future? Explain your answer; use evidence to support your answer.

Explain “phase variation” and “gene conversion” with examples.

Thanks!

Compare and contrast interval training for LIEE & HIEE.

compare and contrast the 4 major tissue types

Provide a brief description/explanation about any of the 3 questions:

a) Definitions of an "animal"

b) Differences between true animals and the other kingdoms especially plants

c) Cell functions that allowed animal multicellularity

d) At least 3 hypotheses that led to the Cambrian explosion

e) Advantages of a body cavity

f) Choanoflagellates and animals