1. Describe in detail how a protein-encoding gene in a eukaryote is transcribed as mRNA, and what events happen to the mRNA before it can be translated into a protein.

2.Describe the principles behind and the applications of the following:

a) Northern blotting b) Site-directed mutagenesis c) DNase l footprinting d) Fusion protein vectors e) Sanger Sequencing of DNA

3.Describe six differences between DNA replication in bacteria compared with eukaryotes.

1. You identify a protein that may play a role in microtubule-based transport. Propose a series of experiments that would aid you in confirming your assessment that this protein has a role in microtubule-based transport.

Please also explain why.

1. Duncan is a Caucasian male (age 14) that is brought to your attention because his family concerned about his inability to perform strenuous exercise. Duncan suffered severe muscle cramping during his P.E. classes but is normal if at doing routine physical activity or performing light to moderate exercise. A physical examination showed poorly developed muscle tissue, but his liver size was normal. A fasting glucose level check showed normal levels.
2. 1. You suspect that Duncan is suffering from a glycogen metabolism related disease and check his response to glucagon. You inject him with a large dose of the hormone and measure the glucose levels in his blood. After the injection, Duncan’s blood glucose levels rose sharply.

Why did you perform this test?

Is Duncan’s glucagon response what you would expect in a normal person? Explain briefly

2. To further investigate you analyze biopsies of Duncan’s muscle and liver. Although the structure of the glycogen in both tissues appear to be normal, there is an elevation in the glycogen level in the muscle tissue, while that in the liver is within normal range.

What is a hypothesis regarding Duncan’s condition?

27. Be able to describe regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes (transcriptional, like the Lac Operon) and in eukaryotes (transcriptional and epigenetic regulation).

In detail Using the equation of aerobic respiration, give the steps that take place to produce energy.Make sure to explain where this reaction takes place.

Would kindly appreciate if answers are in text form not handwritten. Thank you.

QUESTION 21

1. Describe the function of FOS in normal cells and cancer cells.

   For a complete answer, you will need to include:

   A) its mechanism of action, including other proteins it works with and its downstream targets

   B) how its activity is regulated

   C) whether it acts as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor and why inactivation or activation of the gene leads to cancer

   QUESTION 22

2. Signal Transduction:

   A) Explain how growth factors, acting through the signal transduction pathway, regulate cell proliferation.  Names of specific proteins and their function must be given.

   B) Give 2 specific examples of how an alteration in the signal transduction pathway can lead to cancer

QUESTION 23

1. Cell Cycle Regulation:

   Describe the mechanism by which the cell cycle is regulated by mitogens. In your answer, be sure to include the following:

   a) The phases of the cell cycle and protein whose concentrations vary during the cell cycle

   b) The complexes formed by the proteins in (a) and the mechanisms by which they are regulated

   c) The substrate of the complexes in (b) and its role in cell cycle control

   d) Describe 2 ways in which the substrate in (c) can be inactivated to cause cancer

QUESTION 24

1. DNA Damage and the cell cycle:

   Describe the mechanism by which DNA damage such as a double-strand break leads to cell cycle arrest.

   Be sure to include:

   a) how the pathway is regulated

   b) why it is important to regulate the cell cycle during conditions of DNA damage

Which of the following organisms can cause gastrointestinal symptoms without infecting the affected individual?

A. Salmonella enterica

B. Staphylococcus aureus

C. Giardia lamblia

D. Shigella

E. Legionella pneumophila

A reservoir of infection...

The Dunkers of Pennsylvania are members of a religious sect, about 50 of whom emigrated from Germany in the early 1700's. They have remained relatively isolated ever since. The frequency of blood group A in this small group is around 60% while in German and American populations generally, the frequency is 40%. The A^B(I^B) allele is absent in the Dunkers but comprises about 15% of the alleles in both German and American populations. Construct an inference to account for the differences in gene frequencies among the Dunkers as compared to American and German populations.

_____50. Most STIs are

                 A. bacterial                   B. viral                  C. fungal                    D. protozoan

_____51. Which one of the following venereal diseases is diagnosed by observing Gram

                 negative diplococci in the phagocytic leukocytes from a urogenital swab particularly

                 in men?

                 A. syphilis          B. gonorrhea           C. nonspecific urethritis          D. trichomoniasis

_____52. Which stage of syphilis is not infectious?

                 A. primary                 B. secondary                  C. tertiary                  D. chancroid

_____53. A distinctive symptom of secondary syphilis is

                 A. hard chancre with an exudative center               B. skin rash on the palms and soles     

                 C. gummatous lesion                                              D. paresis

_____54. The VDRL nontreponemal serological test involves all the following except

                 A. reagin-type antibody       B. cardiolipin       C. syphilis spirochete       D. blood

_____55. Ophthalmia neonatorum is caused by

                 A. Treponema pallidum                            B. Chlamydia trachomatis      

                 C. Acanthamoeba                                     D. Neisseria gonorrhoeae    

_____56. Which one of the following is most often associated with vaginosis?

                  A. Gardnerella vaginalis                         B. Candida albicans                    

                  C. E.coli                                                   D. herpes simplex virus

_____57. Which one of the following diseases kills the most people in the world each year?

                  A. tuberculosis             B. measles            C. hepatitis B           D. cholera             

_____58. Which one of the following organisms has never been cultured on bacterial media?

                 A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis                    B. Neisseria gonorrhoeae

                 C. Mycoplasma pneumoniae                          D. Treponema pallidum                        

_____59. Which one of the following statements about syphilis is true?

               A. the disease was probably introduced to the New World by Columbus’ crew

                 B. T. pallidum probably evolved from the organism that causes yaws

                 C. the causative organism has many virulence factors that enable it to invade

                 D. it is a disease that was originally described by Galen in ancient Greece

Describe the effect that phosphorylation of PFK-2 /FBPase 2 will have on the glycolytic pathway.

7. which of these is reflective of the hierarchical organization of life form most to least inclusive

a phylum, class, order , genus , family

b order, family,phylum, class, genus

c phylum, class, order, family, genus

d genus, phylum, class, order , family

e class, order, phylum, family, genus

How was the chemical nature of the gene discovered?

A 27-year old white female presented her self at her local physician on August 15. On physical exam, the patient had a fever of 38.5C. She appeared fatigued, had tender abdomen and complained of headache, stiff neck and backache with diarrhea. The physician noted an irregular heartbeat. The patient complained of lack of ability to concentrate. The patient gave the following history: She is a graduate student in the wildlife program at the University in her town. She was in the field for three weeks in Wisconsin during the months of May and June. She tracks small mammals in the field and studies their behavior. It had been a warm, wet spring and she complained of a large number of flies in the area. She felt sick the last day there after eating some canned food, as there was no cooler there. You had no time for culturing, as you need to take action fast. 1. What type of disease she could have based on the symptoms and why? You are not required to name a specific disease but a general type of disease. Naming a disease means you have answered the question wrong. 2. What features are not critical to your diagnosis from the case & why? 3. What further steps should be taken to precisely identify the case & why? What microbes you will not consider and why [name 4]. 4. What steps would you take to ensure that the patient is stable till diagnosis is confirmed; explain why would you do this?

identify the specific type of mutation below and determine whether #1 or #2 is worse and explain. mutation #1 CAG CCT TTG CGC AAG mutation #2 CAG CCT TTA CCC AAG