1. In the second experiment, you perform everything the same way you did in the first, but this time you replace the air in each flask with nitrogen gas (N₂) which is essentially inert before you begin. Graph the data, and be sure to display the equations of the trendlines for each condition. Insert your graph below the data table and answer the following questions.

a) How does the rate of glucose consumption compare with the first experiment you did?

b) Do you think yeast is performing cellular respiration? Why or why not.

CASE STUDY #1

Review the case below and answer the following questions.

This should be original work, no references or information from online. Please be detailed.

38-year-old female with excessive thirst, frequent urination, and weight loss.

History: Cindy Mallon, an 38 year old Caucasian female in previously good health, she has noticed that in the past month, she is increasingly thirsty. She gets up several times a night to urinate, and finds herself gulping down glassfuls of water. At the dinner table, she seems unusually hungry, yet she has lost 5 pounds in the past month. In the past three days, she has felt lethargic and had noted some visual changes where her vision is blurry.

QUESTIONS:

At the doctor's office, blood and urine samples are taken. The following lab results are noted:

blood glucose level = 445 mg/dl (normal = 50 - 170 mg/dl)

blood pH level = 7.40 (normal = 7.35 -7.45)

urine = tested positive for glucose and negative for acetone / acetoacetate (i.e. ketone bodies)

Answer the following questions, be sure to use proper terminology and detail your answers considering your review of your chapter via textbook, notes and video screen cast of module components:

1. What would be some endocrinological reasons for her blood-glucose levels to be elevated?

2. At the office, you examine her and notice that she has a dark pigmented ring around her neck and is considered to be morbidly obese. The pigmentation is called acanthosis nigricans and is sometimes noted with metabolic disorders. Do those signs have to do with her current condition?

3. Explain why Cindy is urinating so frequently in detail and physiologically how and why it occurs.

4. Explain her constant thirst in detail including what causes it.

5. What are the possible long-term complications of her disease?

Some fats, like oil, are liquid at room temperature, while others, such as butter, are solid. A) Explain how the structure of these molecules determines whether they are liquid or solid. B) Somethings, such as sugar, easily dissolve in water while others, like oils, don’t dissolve in water. What aspect of the molecule’s structure determine whether it dissolves in water or not?

Bioenergetics: What features of avian and mammalian physiology promote their high metabolic rates? How do they use this additional energy? (For each question, provide at least 3 answers involving at least 2 physiological systems)

1. Which of the following pairs of statements are true regarding the immune system

1. Primary organs of the immune system are generative. The thymus gives rise to both B and T cells
2. Primary organs of the immune system are generative. Maturation of both B and T cells occur in the bone marrow.
3. B cells originate in the bone marrow. T cells originate in the thymus
4. Maturation occurs in the secondary lymph organs. T and B cells mature in the spleen or lymph node depending on where they are needed
5. Primary organs of the immune system are generative. Antigen-lymphocyte interactions occur in the spleen for systemic pathogens

1. Which of the following represent general function(s) associated with EVERY cytokines

1. All of the answers are correct
2. Direct chemotaxis
3. Hormone like factors that coordinate immune system efforts
4. Promote differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells
5. Small proteins that function in cell signaling

1. The toxic lipopolysaccharides produced by most Gram-negative bacteria is classify as what type of toxin

1. A/B toxin
2. Exotoxin
3. Cytolytic toxin
4. Enterotoxin
5. Endotoxin

Darwin was not the first one to propose that living organisms evolve. What Charles Darwin did was to propose a mechanism that explains how evolution occurs, which he called Natural Selection. In less than 200 words, summarize what Natural Selection is.

Please answer all

1. Resident biota are absent from the

- Pharynx

- Gastrointestinal system

- Central Nervous system

- Genitourinary system

- Skin

2. An example of an exogenous pyrogen is

- Interleukin-1

- Complement.

- Interferon.

- Endotoxin.

3. Two children attend the same preschool, but one child is at the facility on Mondays and Wednesday, while the other child attends the facility on Tuesdays and Thursdays. Both children become ill with Erythema infectiosum within a day of each other. What is this type of pathogenic transmission called?

- Fomite transmission

- Droplet transmission

- Vector transmission

- Direct contact transmission

- Vertical transmission

4. The index case is the first case found in an epidemiological investigation.

True

False

5. The ability of a microorganism to cause disease is called _____________.

6. A/an __________ is a passive animal transporter of pathogens.

7. Indirect contact transmission occurs when pathogens are spread from one host to another inanimate objects inadvertently used to transfer pathogens. These are called ____________.

8. Bacterial contaminants can grow in food in a closed container. Someone can develop food poisoning after eating food from the container that was opened and heated because bacteria were producing ___________

9. The degree of a microorganism's capability to cause disease is called ____________

10. The virulence factors produced by Staphylococcus aureus that enables it to invade the body is __________

11. What are the components of the body's first line of defense?

12. What are the components of the body's second line of defense?

I'm certain chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, part of the airway (the bronchioles) constricts. what affects will this have on the airflow _____

During protein synthesis, does translation stop when the signal peptide is synthesized or does translation stop when the SRP (signal receptor particles) bind to the signal peptides -- assuming it's being sent to the endomembrane system?

C. Duncan is a Caucasian male (age 14) that is brought to your attention because his family concerned about his inability to perform strenuous exercise. Duncan suffered severe muscle cramping during his P.E. classes but is normal if at doing routine physical activity or performing light to moderate exercise. A physical examination showed poorly developed muscle tissue, but his liver size was normal. A fasting glucose level check showed normal levels.

1. Duncan’s blood was also tested for alanine levels and showed a decrease in alanine after exercise, indicating that Duncan’s muscle cells were taking up alanine. In a normal individual, alanine levels would be expected to rise in the muscle during exercise.

Why would the alanine concentrations in the blood increase in a normal person?

How would you explain the alanine concentration results for Duncan’s test?

2. Explain why Duncan does not suffer from abnormal blood glucose levels.
   3. You suggest that perhaps Duncan should refrain from strenuous exercise. But if he cannot avoid it, what can you advise him to do during exercise to alleviate some of his suffering? Explain.

You decide that a genetic analysis is in order to discover the source of Duncan’s problems. Suggest at two gene sequences you would inspect, and what you would look for in these genes, to investigate the problem.

In doing Biochemical oxygen demand (B.O.D) what does sodium thiosulphate do and why is starch use as indicator?

You are given three therapeutic proteins; insulin, erythropoietin and G-CSF. In what production systems would you produce these proteins, and why? Which would form inclusion bodies and why?

Linda is a 22-year-old white female presenting signs of sever poison ivy dermatitis (red rash, itching, swelling, and blisters).  She stated that she was exposed to poison ivy last year but barely noticed any signs of it.  Explain why her first exposure was very mild, but her second exposure was severe in terms of her immune system.  If you performed an immune cell blood profile, which leukocyte would you expect to be elevated?

Evolution

Name of article: New Developmental Evidence Clarifies the Evolution of Wrist Bones in the Dinosaur–Bird Transition

- Summarize and explain what the article is about! (CAN SOMONE PLEASE HELP ON THIS!!!!)

- What are the authors views?

- What methods were used?

- Most interesting part of article?

- The article is provided below in the web link (copy and paste it will direct you to the article)

http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001957