Question

The risk of tumor metastasis can be assessed by examining gene expression, signal cascade activity, or protein expressions of pathological sections. Imagine an adenoma (formed by epithelial cells, non-metastatic yet) next to mesenchymal stromal cells, indicate whether the following situations would promote or inhibit or N/D (not able to determine) the metastasis of the adenoma (use those words). (10 pts)

Expression of TGF- RNA in adenoma ______________________

Expression of BMP RNA in adenoma ______________________

Expression of vimentin protein in adenoma ______________________

Expression of Cox-2 in stromal cells ______________________

Nuclear localization of -catenin in adenoma ______________________

Activation of TGF- signal cascade in adenoma ______________________

Activation of TGF- signal cascade in stromal cells ______________________

Expression of E-cadherin in carcinoma epithelia ______________________

Expression Snail in adenoma ______________________

Expression of Snail in stromal cells             ______________________

Answer 1

Expression of TGF- RNA in adenoma............. cause metastasis of the adenoma suppressive/Inhibits effects (cytostasis, differentiation, apoptosis) or indirectly through effects on the stroma (suppression of inflammation and stroma-derived mitogens).

Depending on the type of cancer, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) can promote or inhibit the metastasis of the adenoma. and its also depends on types of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP).

Expression of vimentin protein in adenoma,.............. inhibit the metastasis of the adenoma.

Expression of Cox-2 in stromal cells.........................COX-2 promotes inflammation and cell proliferation/metastasis of the adenoma.

Nuclear localization of -catenin in adenoma, the signaling molecule is shown to be elevated in various carcinomas but mostly in colon cancer owing to its impaired degradation. In contrast, its close homolog plakoglobin was shown to suppress/inhibits the tumorigenicity/metastasis of the adenoma of certain tumor cells.

Activation of TGF- the signal cascade in adenoma........ to drive/promote colorectal cancer progression and metastasis of the adenoma.

Activation of TGF- signal cascade in stromal cells......... the stromal TGF-beta signalling may influence/promote metastasis formation adenoma.

Expression of E-cadherin in carcinoma epithelia......... Inhibite metastasis of the adenoma.

Expression Snail in adenoma........ Inhibite metastasis of the adenoma.

Expression of Snail in stromal cells.............Snail in stromal cells as a transcription factor has been shown to be crucial for cellular movement during cancer progression or promote and metastasis.